Factors Affecting Buildability of Building Designs

Factors Affecting Buildability of make DesignsBuildability is increasingly become a major extremity in expression tress practice. The aim of buildability is use to improve the efficiency of boilersuit twist summons by developing wrench sensitive conventions.Nowadays, in Malaysia tress sedulousness, at that place have facing a lot of chore that lead impede the see to process smoothly. In this interrogation, it will highlight what buildability is. Through this we can late understand what buildability is and how important it was in the formulation industry.Moreover, in this look into, we wish to find come in and identify the buildability attributes in building heading in Malaysia kink industry. at that place atomic number 18 m both buildability attributes have happen uponing in the building program. If the locutions proceed without a good buildability anxiety, it will bring many problems to the leap out. So in this research, as well as that identifying the b uildability attributes, we also wish to find out the importance take aim for each of these attributes.AIMThis report atomic number 18 aim to find out the divisors that hit buildability of building design in the Malaysian construction industry.OBJECTIVEIn order to achieve the aim of the report, the following be the intents of this researchTo study what is buildability and factors whitethorn affect it in building designTo find out and identify the buildability attributes in building design in the Malaysian construction industryTo measure the level of importance of diametrical buildability attributesResearch MethodologyLiterature ReviewThe purpose of the lit recap is given us to ground what buildability in the construction industry is and how important it was. This research modeology may include definitions, ideas and practices of related topics. Besides that, we can study and review to the germane(predicate) books, journals, internet and etc., as known as secondary data, th at related to the topic buildability. Through those review sources, the important point will be noted down and convenience for us to writing the literature review.The below are showing that the literature search that will be carried out-Define the definition of buildability/ constructabilityDefine the principle and concept of buildability/ constructabilityDetermine the factor affecting buildability in building design in constructionDetermine the building attributes and the level of importance for each attributeQuestionnaireQuestionnaire is recommended as one of the research method, because it is easier for analyzing the data, economical and the hypothesis can be tested. Questionnaire is a research instrument consisting of a series of questions and/or in difference grouping for the purpose of aggregation the learning from answerers.To gain more information of this research, copies of questionnaire will be sent out to the construction companies and they are needed to express their opinions ground on their experience. In this questionnaire, there are empty spaces cater for the respondents to giving their comment or suggest some other building attributes which are not included. This questionnaire will target to the superiors much(prenominal) as architect, engineer, thrust manager, quantity surveyor and others in the contractor industry firm in Malaysia.From the research title, to determine the level of importance of buildability attributes in this research, the classification of the valuation collection plates is utilize. The questionnaire is based on LIKERT SCALE format. It is a widely apply instrument in measuring opinions. A likert item is simply a statement which the respondent is asked to evaluate according to any kind of subjective or objective criteria and generally the level of agreement or disagreement is measured. 5 point likert scale being used as it may produce slightly higher mean scores relative to the highest attainable score.This will be carried out in the final dot of research methodology. The results/ comments get from the respondents will be analyze and present in table or graph in order to provide a clearer view of overall research with writing up the contents of the dissertation. Besides this, analysis and interpretation would be done to gather all the information and data.DISSERTATION ORGANIZATIONChapter 1- IntroductionChapter 1 provides an debut of the chapter that giving a brief about our proposal. In this chapter it includes introduction/ background, problem statement, aim, objectives, research methodology and work program for the dissertation.Chapter 2 Literature ReviewThrough the review of literature/ articles related to our research topic the important point will be compose in this chapter. Journals, books and information from the internet will be the source of the information or data to doing this buildability title dissertation. This chapter are aim to provide a of import picture of the knowle dge to us before the research is carried out.Chapter 3 Research Design and MethodologyQuestionnaire will be designed based on the objective and information that we want to find out. These questionnaires will be sent to different construction industry companies in Malaysia to collect data to conduct next meter of dissertation.Chapter 4 Data Analysis and Results DiscussionsThe collected information from the respondents will be evaluated and analyzed in table or graph with explanation.Chapter 5 ConclusionsThis chapter will bring to an end and recommend the overall results of the survey for further research.REFERENCESCrowther,.P. Design For Buildability and The Deconstruction Consequences, Design for Deconstruction and Materials Reuse, CIB Publication 272.Lam, P.T.I., Wong, F.K.W., Wong, F.W.H. 2007. Building features and site-specific factors affecting buildability in Hong Kong, Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology, Vol 5, No 2.Mydin S.H., Zin R.M., Majid M.Z.A, Zahidi M . and Memon A.H. 2011. Buildability Attributes at Design Phase In Malaysian Building social organisation, International Journal of Sustainable Construction Engineering Technology, Vol. 2, Issue 1.Wong, F.W.H, Lam, P.T.I, Chan, E.H.W. and Wong F.K.W. 2006. Factors Affecting Buildability of Building Design, Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 33.7, pg 79CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEWINTRODUCTIONBuildability or constructability has a huge area of study and it was very important in a construction industry. The aim of these literature reviews are to study and highlight the area that the buildability attributes that may affect the building design in Malaysia construction industry.The for the first time reviews that will focus in this chapter are definition of buildability, then coming up with the principles and concepts of buildability which have defined by different countries. Moreover, this review also focuses on the factors that may affect the buildability by identify the buildabili ty attributes in building design.BUILDABILITY/CONSTRUCTABILITYDEFINITION OF BUILDABILITYSince the buildability is important in the construction industry, so there are many researchers from different countries has set and defined buildability based on their studies.Based on the several articles study and resources, it found that the one of the widely definition that can be authoritative which is define by the Construction Industry Research and Information tie beam (CIRIA), 1983, it utter that the buildability is the extent to which the design of a building facilitates ease of construction, subject to the overall requirements for the holy building (Wong, Lam, Chan and Wong, 2006B.p. 796).Besides the definition defined by CIRIA, there also have another definition which was founded with specific aim of improving the construction total quality management and the overall be effectiveness and defined as constructability is the effective and timely integration of construction knowledg e into the conceptual planning, design, construction and dramaturgy operation of a device to achieve the overall project objectives in the best executable time and accuracy at the most cost-effective level by Construction Industry Institute (as known as CII) in year 1986 (Wong, et.al, 2006B.p. 796). accord to The Construction Industry in Australia (CIIA), Griffith and Sidwell (1997), has defined constructability as a system to integrate if construction knowledge in the project delivery process and balancing the various project and environmental constraints to achieve the project goals and building performance at the optimal level.(Wong, et.al, 2006B.p. 796)Buildability Performance Research Group (BPRG), Chen and McGeorge (1994), defined buildability as the extent to which decisions, made during the whole building procurance process, ultimately facilitate the ease of construction and the quality of the completed project which buildability as a management to goals the project by r ecognize the factors affected the project (Eng, 2002.p. 117).In the other hand, there are other researchers have derived their own definitions based on their studying in buildability, such as-Ferguson (1989) buildability was defined as the ability to construct a building efficiently economically and to agreed quality levels from its constituent materials, components and sub-assemblies (Wong, et.al, 2006B.p. 796.)Williams (1982) buildability was defined as the most economic and efficient trend of putting a building together.(Yang, 2004)Illingworth (1984) buildability was defined as a design and details which recognize the assembly process in achieving the desired result sentry go and at least cost to the client.(Yang, 2004)In year 1996, Moore has modified the definition defined by Illingworth as a design philosophy, which is recognizes and addresses the problems of the assembly process in achieving the construction of the design product, both safety and without resort to standardiz ation or project level simplification.(Yang, 2004)Lueprasert (1996), constructability has defined as an important characteristic of structural design and site conditions of construction project which determines the level of complexity of executing the correlative structural assembly tasks.(Yang, 2004)Moreover, there are few researchers believed that constructability are significantly different with buildability. The differences between buildability and constructability are that buildability is a design-oriented concept but constructability is concern the whole project processing. But also have near researchers thought that there are no difference between buildability and constructability, the only is buildability is usually used in UK and constructability is often used in USA. (Yang, 2004)PRINCIPLES AND CONCEPTS OF BUILDABILITY accord to Eng, (2002, p. 112), Buildability or Constructability has been used and evolved in the construction management in the late 1970s in United Kingdom , but its potential was not been fully exploited in construction industry at the time. Nowadays, buildability is increasingly become an integral get around of the construction industry in many countries because it was a technique used to manage the construction process during the pre-construction stage. According to Low et.al, (2008), buildability aim is to ensure the impacts of design details are recognized and considered in the earlier stage to flash back and/or prevent errors, delays and throw overboards a cost control to the overall project others. Together with this, it will enhance the productivity and competitiveness of the industry. Moreover, Low study also stated the summarized of buildability principles that defined by some researchers such as Adams (1989), Ferguson (1989), Gray (1984), Griffith and Sidwell (1995), Tatum (1987) and others as shown as below-Efficiency and economical building production to ensure efficient and economical production of a building, a logica l organization of the sequence of assembly is necessary. The building organization essential ensure continuity of construction work by having food management due to labors, machineries and materials delivery to achieve this principle (OConnor, 1985).Simplicity this principles saying that the designers of the project must try to produce the straightforwardst possible details compatible with the overall requirement for the building especially for the buildings group of elements (Ferguson, 1989 Bishop, 1985).Tolerance Level the building design should recognize its tolerances which are normally attainable under site conditions. Different the materials and components used on site have its different composition and different jointing methods required. Therefore, practical level of tolerance adopted is necessary for the materials and components (Ferguson, 1989).Innovation use any advance(a) ideas that can enhance the buildability of a project. The contractor should try to bring in new m achineries or methods of working that can improve the productivity and allow construction process more efficiency. Before bring in the ideas, consideration of the level of skills available in industry is required. (Tatum, 1987).Proper plan a good scheduling of works may allow construction proceed smoothly and right on track. The construction sequence should be practical to allow for a persisting flow of work to minimize delays of works (Gugel and Russell, 1994).Repetition and standardization to reduce time consuming for constructions, the building elements should be design that encourages appropriate repetition and standardization, it may help to reduce cost, gamble and error by using readily and standard items in construction (Adams, 1989 Ferguson, 1989).Participation and communication project team members with relevant knowledge should be encourage to participate all level of construction. They can give their opinion and suggestion during primordial planning stage to reduce pr oblem in future. Clear project information should be planned and coordinated to suit the construction process and facilitate the best possible communication and understanding on site (Fischer and Tatum, 1997).Avoid damage by subsequent works the design should enable the works that carried out will not have risk of damage due to adjacent finished elements and with minimum requirements for special protection. This would reduce the need for return visits to site to repair damage. By doing few times checking to the completed works is better to reduce the project completion period (OConnor and Tucker, 1986).(Source Low et.al, 2008)McGeorge and Palmer (1997) have identified that buildability and constructability is the only management concept to have been designed and genuine by the construction industry (Eng, 2002). This is because they think that the separation of designs and construction processes is unique to the construction industry. Eng also mentioned that the report in earliest 1960s, division between the process of design and construction was recognized as contributing to inefficiencies throughout the construction industry. (Eng, 2002).Emmerson (1962) has identified that insufficient documentation before tender, inefficient pre-contract design procedures and lacks of communication among the architects, consultants and contractors plant are the factors that cause the problem occurred (Eng, 2002). Moreover, Banwell, (1964) suggested that the contractor who is too far from the design stage for his specialized knowledge can be participate in traditionalistic contracting situation. (Eng, 2002.p. 111).In the other hand, Banwell report also highlighted that the complexities of modern construction and its requirement for specialized techniques demand that the design process and the construction stage should not be regarded as separate fields of activity. (Eng, 2002.p. 111)EVOLUTION OF BUILDABILITY/CONSTRUCTABILITY CONCEPTThrough different groups of researchers, a number of stages in the evolution of the buildability or constructability concept are been identified and related to research efforts in different parts (Eng, 2002). According to Eng (2002) study, it shows the groups of researchers from different countries that have evaluated the evolution of buildability/constructability, which areConstruction Industry Research and Information Association (CIRIA) UKConstruction Industry Institute (CII) USAConstruction Industry Institute of Australia (CIIA)Building Performance Research Group (BPRG) University of Newcastle in AustraliaIn the proterozoic research taken by CIRIA and UK researches, they regarded that buildability is problem that arose from the division between builders and designers led researchers to focus on technical issue and site and construction planning (Gray, 1983 Adam, 1989 Ferguson, 1989). (Eng, 2002.p. 112)Besides that, Eng stated that most industry researchers and commentators are tended to see buildability as a function that is in spite of appearance the influence or control of the designer. Illingworth (1984) has suggested that the problem of buildability was become deteriorate because the designers and professional team are resented contractors involve and giving their opinions during the design stage.(Eng, 2002.p. 112)In addition, CII had used industry case studies to investigate the constructability problem in construction industry to allow the researchers to understanding the issues. This carried out the understanding of different stages of project life cycle which would relate to different issues in constructability (Eng, 2002).Furthermore, CIIA also used the case studies to enable a holistic perspective to be maintained. CIIA have proposed 12 principles would be relevant with different emphases due to the different project life cycle. For BPRG at University of Newcastle in Australia, they started with consider the buildability problem as one that derived from a complex system and they pro posed that the concepts of buildability is needed to recognize the factors in a project environment which may affected in the design process, construction process and the link between them (Eng, 2002).CIRIA RESEARCH IN BUILDABILITYThe definition of buildability defined by CIRIA has shown at the above. Though that we know that CIRIA definition is think between designs and construction the factors has been implied which are solely within the influence or control of the design team those have a significant impact on the ease if construction of a project (Eng, 2002). The concept was recognized as an issue within an integrated design management context. A good buildability are formed based on a building design, structure or other which had been consider in the construction phase with emphasis on the method of construction, activities, sequence of works and way incorporated into the overall design (Eng, 2002).In additional, Eng study had showing the 16 guiding principles for achieving bu ildability which was identified and developed by Adams (1989), CIRIA, as below-Investigate thoroughlyConsider accessibility at the design stageConsider storage at design stageDesign for early enclosureDesign for minimum time below ground workSuitable materials useConsider for the local skill availableDesign for simple assemblyPlan for maximize repetition and standardizationMaximize the use of plantAllow for sensible tolerancesAllow for a practical sequence of operationsPlan to avoid change to workAvoid return visits on site do it right in first timeSafe construction designClearly communication(Source Adam, (Eng, 2002))CONSTRUCTABILITY DEVELOPTMENT BY CIIAccording to Eng (2002), has mentioned that CII used case studies to identify different of requirements for the planning stage (Tatum et.al, 1986), engineering and procurement phases of a project (OConnor et.al., 1986) and improvement of constructability that able to make during field operations (OConnor and Davis, 1988). In addition al, they had identified and presented 6 concepts for the planning stage, 7 concepts for the design and procurement phase and 1 for field operations phase which showing below- apprehensionual Planning StageBasic design approaches consider major construction methodsConstructability programs are an integral part of project of project implementation plans construe planning requires construction knowledge and experienceEarly construction involvement in the development of contracting schemeProject schedules are construction sensitiveSite layouts show efficient of constructionDesign and Procurement StageDesign for accessibility, materials and equipmentDesign for construction in adverse weather and remotes locationsDesign and procurement schedules are construction sensitiveDesign to enable efficient constructionDesign elements are standardizeConstruction and procurement efficiency are specifications developedDesign for modularization to facilitate fabrication/transportationField OperationC ontractors use innovative methods(Source Tatum et.al OConnor et.al OConnor and Davis (Eng, 2002))CONSTRUCTABILITY PRINCIPLES BY CIIAFor CIIA, they have review to the work of CII, and some developed construction information within the Australian context (Eng, 2002). At the beginning, they are 17 principles are being identified and tested. In the other hand, more than twenty of the personnel who experienced in construction are given feedback due to this tested. Through the test, Constructability Principles File (CIIA, 1992) has shown 12 concepts of constructability to represent menstruation best practice applicable over five projects life cycle stages, which are feasibility studies stage, conceptual design stage, details design stage, construction stage and post construction stage (Eng, 2002). The twelve principles espoused were-PRINCIPLESDESCRIPTIONIntegrationConstructability must be made an integral part of project plan.Construction KnowledgeProject planning must actively involve construction knowledge and experience.Team SkillsProject team must be appropriate for the project based on their experience, skills and etc.Corporate ObjectivesProject team understanding against clients corporate and project objective to improve constructability.Available ResourcesTechnology use in design resultant must be matched with the skills and resources available.External factorsExternal factors might affect the cost and program of the project.Program of projectOverall project program must be realistic and have the commitment of the project team.Construction MethodologyConstruction methodology must be considered in project design.AccessibilityConstructability will be improved if accessibility is considered good in the design stage of project.SpecificationsConstructability improved when efficiency considered in specification development.Construction innovationConstructability improved when innovation techniques is usedFeedbackPost construction analysis is undertaken to allow constructability can be enhanced on future projectsTable Principles by CIIA (Francis and Sidwell (Eng, 2002))CONSTRUCTABILITY CONCEPTS BY MALAYSIAN RESEARCHERAccording to Nawi, Kamar, Lee, Hamid, Abdullah, Haron and Ariff (2009), stated that in Malaysia, the constructability and buildability concepts established by the Construction Industry Institute (CII) and other relevant literature by CIRIA, (1983) Tatum, (1987) Adams, (1989) CII, (1993) and etc, there are 23 constructability concepts were hypothesize and presented by Nima, (2001) which use them to utilize a study in relation to the engineered construction phases. There are 7 concepts for conceptual planning phase, 8 concepts for design and procurement phase and 8 concepts for field operation phases which as follows-C1-C7 (Project constructability enhancement during conceptual planning phase)Concept C1 the project constructability program should be discussed and documented within the project execution plan, through the partici pation of all project team members.Concept C2 a project team that includes representatives of the owner, engineer and contractor should be conjecture and maintained to take the constructability issue into consideration from the outset of the project and through all of its phases.Concept C3 individuals with current construction knowledge and experience should achieve the early project planning so that deterrent between design and construction can be avoided.Concept C4 the construction methods should be taken into consideration when choosing the character reference and the number of contracts required for executing the project.Concept C5 the master project schedule and the construction completion date should be construction-sensitive and should be assigned as early as possible.Concept C6 in order to accomplish the field operations easily and efficiently, major construction methods should be discussed and analyses in-depth as early as possible to direct the design according to these methods.Concept C7 site layout should be studies carefully so that construction, operation and maintenance proceed efficiently and avoid any interference between the operations performed during these phases.C8-C15 (Project constructability enhancement during design and procurement phases)Concept C8 design and procurement schedules should be dictated by construction sequence. Thus, the construction schedule must be discussed and developed prior to the design development and procurement schedule.Concept C9 advanced information technologies are important to any field including field of construction industry. The usage of those technologies could overcome the problem of fragmentation into specialized roles in this field, hence enhancing constructability.Concept C10 designs, with design simplification by designers and design review by restricted construction personnel must be configured to enable efficient construction.Concept C11 project elements should be standardized to an extent that will never affect the project cost negatively.Concept C12 the project technical specifications should be simplified and configured to achieve efficient construction without sacrificing the level or the efficiency of the project performance.Concept C13 the implementation of modularization and preassembly for project elements should be taken into consideration and studied carefully. Modularization and preassembly design should be prepared to facilitate fabrication, transportation and installation.Concept C14 project design should take into consideration the construction personnel, materials and equipment accessibility to the required position on-site.Concept C15 design should facilitate construction during adverse weather conditions. Great emphasis should be made to planning for the construction of the project under suitable weather conditions, but the designer must plan and take into consideration the project elements that could be prefabricated in workshops.C16-C23 (Project constructability enhancement during field operation phases)Concept C16 field task sequencing should be configured in order to minimize damages or refashion of some project elements, minimize scaffolding needs, formwork used or congestion of construction personnel, material and equipment.Concept C17 innovation in temporary construction materials/systems, or implementing innovative ways of using available temporary construction materials/systems that have not been defined or limited by the design drawings and technical specifications will contribute positively to the enhancement of constructability.Concept C18 incorporating innovation of new methods in using off-the-shelf hand tools or modification of the available tools or introduction of a new hand tools that may reduce labour intensity, increase mobility, safety or accessibility will enhance constructability at the construction phase.Concept C19 introduction of innovative methods for using the available equipment or m odification of the available equipment to increase their productivity will lead to a better constructability.Concept C20 in order to increase the productivity, reduce the need of scaffolding or improve the project constructability under adverse weather conditions, constructors should be encouraged to use any optional preassembly.Concept C21 constructability will be enhanced by encouraging the constructor to carry out innovation of temporary facilities.Concept C22 good contractors, based on quality and time, should be documented, so that contracts for future construction works would not be awarded based on low bits only, but by considering other project attributes.Concept C23 evaluation, documentation and feedback of the issues of the constructability concepts should be maintained throughout the project to be used in later projects as lessons learned.(Source Nima el al, (Nawi, et.al, 2009))Although there are many researchers from different countries have identified and presented their own principles and concepts, but the points they covered are almost the same. Through those principles and concepts, it showing the ways to help the construction to reduce its project time, error, cost by having a good buildability on manage overall project.ASSESSMENT OF DESIGNS FOR BUILDABILITYAccording to CIRC and Chiang et.al, has stated that the construction industries are continues to search out the ways to improve buildability, such as the use of prefabricated, standardized and modular components, as well as the adoption of alternative procurement methods (cited by Wong, Lam, Chan P.C. and Chan H.W., 2006), the Building and Construction Authority (BCA) in Singapore had introduced and published a Code of Practice on Buildabl