Cross-cultural Learning Essay -- Personal Narrative Essay Example

I was lucky enough to be raised in a family that strongly tangle its Irish and Celtic heritage should be celebrated. From them, I learned the beauty of my consume culture, and an appreciation to learn the cultures of others. I brought that appreciation with me through life, and found it to imbibe all the difference. My earliest cross-cultural experience that I can remember with clarity was the Spanish exchange student who was hosted by one of my aunts. Mai not alone taught me about her culture, which in turn piqued an interest in the Spanish/Latino culture that continues to this day, but she also helped me to appreciate many small, seemingly insignificant aspects of my own culture. I built upon my cross-cultural experiences as I befriended exchange students from Belgium, Japan, and Korea. Each time, the friendships enriched my appreciation and understanding of not only my own culture, but the very fancy of culture. What falls under the cultural blanket can vary from psyche t o person, and I found it to be very interesting that while one person could claim lan...

Rhetoric Description :: essays research papers

The blinding sun light spilled onto my exhausted underside from the window across the room as the unlaundered shirt was whisked away. The sight of the dank pullover was replaced with an anxious peering face. I knew that look in his face well. He had grown imaginative last night and was agaze at my strained body, almost seemingly considering if what he had in mind might be too much for my experienced frame. Then as if he had made his decision a smile broke his expression and with the tip of his toe he flipped me into his eager hand and my torturous day was about to impinge on its start. I knew what was in store for me and for a brief moment reminisced about the days when a simple coast down a crevice strewn channel was the extent of it.He shoved me under his arm and flew down the stairs to the checkered floor of his kitchen. I gripped myself as I was tossed to clatter against the table and there I lay as he wrestled cabinets open and clattered silverware onto the table. The chair shrieked as it was pulled out, as if it was trying with all its might to stay rooted in its spot. The sound of slurping cereal was drowned out by the sneak attack of sound beckoning from the other room. He jumped up out of his seat spilling some of the contents of his orbit onto my nose as he sprinted to pacify the shrill wails of the phone. Yeah man, its sick.probably will get me sponsored in no time flatyah Im gonna practice it today, bring your cameras Ive heard that conversation before. I knew what it meant. I was ready.He rushed back into the room threw his meal into the sink with no remorse and flicked me back into his hands with little effort. I was actually starting to feel a bit antsy wondering what was in store for me. His body was pounding as he pressed me against his ribs and his palms were clammy against my scarred underside. I knew that he was excited and my thoughts synchronized with his own filling me with exhilaration. We trudged to the doorway after he pounced in to his chaotically laced shoes and wedged his ear phones on his head echoing the cacophony of an angst filled symphony. He slammed the front door without looking back and carefully dragged his feet across the coarse surface of the driveway making sure there were no hindrances accumulated to the soles of his feet.

Computers In Business :: essays research papers

electronic ready reck onenessrs In Business --------------------------In the business world today, computers and the software applicationsthat extend on them fundamentally examine a well organized business. Every major order is equipped with a computer, or network that connects throughdifferent branches throughout the firm.Computer ironwareTo keep up with the fastest technology that dominates the market is tobe a sensible buyer. A system can be outdated in a matter of two yearstime. Software applications based on todays needs require more hard harrowspace and speed to run efficiently. The or so powerful system would be the586 machine which was developed in November, 1992. The space required on abusiness system depends on the firm. If a attach to has a network, theirmemory would range on the applications required to run the systemproductively. A one to three gigabyte hard drive would be most common forbusinesses. To keep these applications on the computer, you need a fairamo unt of RAM memory as well as hard disk space. An application developedin 1993, probably will be to powerful and run quite slow on a previoussystem that was top of the line in 1991. Thats wherefore it is important forcompanies to understand that they must think years down the road onwardsspending thousands of dollars on the technology of today. The best way isto contrive for the emerging such as making sure your mainframe is upgradeableand contains at least 8 expansion slots, which should already be loadedwith enhanced prowess cards, the essential amount of serial ports etc..Networks are everywhere in the world of business. A network is aseries of computers throughout the comp either which rely on one or twofileservers. Or it can be used in long distance communication throughmodem. An example would be that a company located in Calgary can call upits other branch in Toronto via modem, also able to up and downloadvaluable files or records. Networks affirm their disadvantages also .Computer viruses are always present somewhere in a disk or computer systemready to strike. If an over powering, unwholesome virus enters a networksystem, all info can be severely damaged or lost completely. Thats whythere is back-up drives to store brisk data that is written onto thedisk each day. Anti virus programs are there to alert the user and wipethe virus off the system before it does any destruction to the data storedon the network. As far as practicality and mobility is concerned, thelaptop has been around for quite a long time. A laptop computer is aComputers In Business essays research papers Computers In Business --------------------------In the business world today, computers and the software applicationsthat run on them basically control a well organized business. Every majorcompany is equipped with a computer, or network that connects throughdifferent branches throughout the firm.Computer HardwareTo keep up with the fastest technology that dominates the market is tobe a sensible buyer. A system can be outdated in a matter of two yearstime. Software applications based on todays needs require more hard diskspace and speed to run efficiently. The most powerful system would be the586 machine which was developed in November, 1992. The space required on abusiness system depends on the firm. If a company has a network, theirmemory would range on the applications required to run the systemproductively. A one to three gigabyte hard drive would be most common forbusinesses. To keep these applications on the computer, you need a fairamount of RAM memory as well as hard disk space. An application developedin 1993, probably will be to powerful and run quite slow on a previoussystem that was top of the line in 1991. Thats why it is important forcompanies to understand that they must think years down the road beforespending thousands of dollars on the technology of today. The best way isto prepare for the future such as making sure your mainframe is up gradeableand contains at least 8 expansion slots, which should already be loadedwith enhanced graphics cards, the necessary amount of serial ports etc..Networks are everywhere in the world of business. A network is aseries of computers throughout the company which rely on one or twofileservers. Or it can be used in long distance communication throughmodem. An example would be that a company located in Calgary can call upits other branch in Toronto via modem, also able to up and downloadvaluable files or records. Networks have their disadvantages also.Computer viruses are always present somewhere in a disk or computer systemready to strike. If an over powering, destructive virus enters a networksystem, all data can be severely damaged or lost completely. Thats whythere is back-up drives to store existing data that is written onto thedisk each day. Anti virus programs are there to alert the user and wipethe virus off the system before it does any destruction to the data storedon the n etwork. As far as practicality and mobility is concerned, thelaptop has been around for quite a long time. A laptop computer is a

Euthanasia Essay example -- essays research papers

Euthanasia, also known as mercy killing is a practice of removeing a life to release an individual from an incurable disease or intolerable suffering. Euthanasia has been accepted both legally and morally in various forms in many societies but not in all. In ancient Greece and Rome it was permissible in some situations to help others die. For example, the Greek writer Plutarch mentioned that in Sparta infanticide was practiced on children who lacked "health and vigor." Both Socrates and Plato sanctioned forms of mercy killing in certain cases. Voluntary mercy killing for the elderly was an approved custom in several ancient societies. With the rise of organized religion, euthanasia became morally and ethically abhorrent. Christianity, Judaism, and Islam all hold human life sacred and condemn euthanasia in any form. Following traditional religious principles, Western laws have more often than not considered the act of helping someone to die a form of homicide subject to legal sanctions. Even a passive withholding of help to prevent goal has frequently been severely punished. Euthanasia, however, occurs secretly in all societies, including those in which it is held to be immoral and illegal.      There are two main types of euthanasia, passive and active. Passive euthanasia is the deliberate disconnection of life support equipment, or cessation of any life-sustaining medical procedure, permitting the natural death of the patient. spry euthanasia is deliberate go through to end the life of a dying patient to avoid further suffering at that place are two types of active euthanasia. Active voluntary euthanasia is when a lethal injection is giving by a doctor into a dying patient to end life by request of the sufferer. Active involuntary is lethal injection by a doctor into a dying patient without that persons express request. Active involuntary is considered murder by most.     Since euthanasia is illegal in 49 of the 50 US states it would seem that most community are against it. There are some people who have make governing bodys that help to educate people about euthanasia and that In fact euthanasia may be a good thing. One such organization is ERGO the Euthanasia Research & Guidance Organization a nonprofit educational corporation, which was founded in 1993 to improve the quality of background research of physician-as... ...he end stage. Once these symptoms are alleviated the emotional pain becomes the focus and it takes great strength to watch a loved one die slowly daytime by day. Ive seen families brought together and serve as a great comfort to each other and to the patients. Death to these people is not the enemy but a natural ending of life. Ive also seen familys fall apart, seemingly unable to hold up under such pressure. Are these the people who assist in anothers suicide? Is it a weak persons way out? It is done because of love or inability to cope? unaccompanied t hey know. The writer of this paper feels that euthanasia should be accepted more then it is, but is not the answer. I think that most suffering can be deemed tolerable with proper medications. It seems that if the pain can be controlled with medication, that the person could pass on in a deep sleep and be comfortable. However there are other symptoms that accompany other illness that can not be changed by medication. Like Christopher Reeves no matter how much medication he is given he will never walk, ride a horse, or bath himself again. This kind of suffering I would find intolerable and would justify euthanasia.Footnotes

Will Rogers Essay -- essays research papers

give RogersNot many people remember Will Rogers, but in the 1930s he was the most well known man in America -- more popular than Shirley Temple. He was a simple beef man who entertained people with his rope tricks and sly political observations. He also wrote a widely-read newspaper column and appeared on the raido every week. I supose he is alot comparable Bill Cosby is today beloved for his down-to-earth style of humor. But that "aww, shucks" attitude hid a brilliant mind. Furthermore, Will Rogers was more than just a hangdian he was a man of character. Throughout his life, he exhibited the qualities of humility, fairness, generosity, and loyalty witch make him a real American hero.Will was born in okeh and proud of it. The son of a rancher, he was a one quarter Cherokee and never missed an opportunity to brag about his Native American heritage. "My ancestors didnt come on the Mayflower," he used to joke, "but they met the boat." Will stayed true to his Cherokee roots he went to an Indian school and had many Indian friends. Later he became supple in Native-American issues and was a major spokesman for Native-American rights in the U.S. Above all,though, Will was a "regular guy." His shy grin, easy manner, and total absence of sham endeared to Americans of all backgrounds. He had no pretensions, and his pleasures were simple he liked to ride horses, rope cattle, and read the papers. In fact he often said, "I only know wha...

Will Rogers Essay -- essays research papers

Will RogersNot servicemany people remember Will Rogers, but in the 1930s he was the most well known man in America -- more popular than Shirley Temple. He was a simple cowpoke who entertained people with his rope tricks and sly political observations. He in like manner wrote a widely- order newspaper column and appeared on the raido every week. I supose he is alot like Bill Cosby is today beloved for his down-to-earth style of humor. But that "aww, poop" attitude hid a brilliant mind. Furthermore, Will Rogers was more than just a comedian he was a man of character. Throughout his life, he exhibited the qualities of humility, fairness, generosity, and loyalty enchantress make him a real American hero.Will was born in Oklahoma and proud of it. The son of a rancher, he was a one can Cherokee and never missed an opportunity to brag about his Native American heritage. "My ancestors didnt come on the Mayflower," he used to joke, "but they met the boat." Will s tayed true to his Cherokee grow he went to an Indian school and had many Indian friends. Later he became active in Native-American issues and was a major spokesman for Native-American rights in the U.S. Above all,though, Will was a "regular guy." His shy grin, easy manner, and total absence of sham endeared to Americans of all backgrounds. He had no pretensions, and his pleasures were simple he liked to ride horses, rope cattle, and read the papers. In fact he often said, "I only know wha...

Write a film review of ‘Spirited Away’ directed by Miyazakiand write comments on the style of reporting

She has puffy cheeks and downcast expression and stern be hold inn as having an awkward personality wroth and miserable, and un pass oning to do anything out of the ordinary. However in the course of the convey, she matures and finds the things she truly values though non in the usual obvious manner of sympathetic stories. As with all of Miyazakis films, Spirited Away is an experience in which along with Chihiro, we fail the weird and splendiferous world in which she finds herself a wonderland of bizarre and godforsaken creatures, which atomic number 18 so real you can almost reach out and touch them.The movie get downs with a downhearted 10-year-old Chihiro sitting in the back tramp of her p arnts car when soon enough, a shortcut down a forgot hug drug woodland road, leads Chihiro and her family to a decrepit old temple with a strangely beckoning dig entrance. Chihiro, partly out of intuition and partly out of fear, suspects danger ahead. Against her bidding, the p b ents walk on investigating, disc all overing what they take to be a theme park. Along the empty streets, they are strangely drawn towards a delicious scent of food at an un realiseed kiosk and Chihiros parental units begin to help themselves to the abundant food. Chihiro rejects the feast, wanders off and a boy of about her age appears mysteriously and angrily bids her to leave at once. The sky suddenly falls dark and rushing back to her parents, Chihiro is horrified to discover that the indignant spirits that inhabit the place transformed her parents, leaving her on her own, trapped in a bizarre world of spirits.All around her ghosts begin to appear. Chihiro initially thinks she in a nightmare but shortly the spirits nonice her and her aliveness is in danger. She gets some help while running for her life namely, from the young boy named Haku who seems to know her from another time and place. It is Haku who tells Chihiro what she moldiness do in order to rescue her impris adeptd parents and return to her normal life she must find exploit at the bathhouse that overlooks the landscape. Amazing imaginative creatures inhabit the bathhouse gods and spirits, leisurely spending their time there, and a busy staff of servants who attend them.Gaining employment at the bathhouse forces Chihiro to sign a binding contract with Yu-baaba and relinquish her original name. Named Sen by the malicious witch, her servitude life is exhausting and unappreciated, but if she would alike(p) to save her parents, its her exclusively option and she has got to change shell have to face her deepest fears and attempt to remember her own identity and find a way to break her parents spell, which is the only escape from the firm control of the spirits. Sen discovers an inner strength she never suspected she had which enables her to carry on in the realm of the spirits. What follows is a fantastic journey into a wondrously imagined world and lucky for us, we get the opportunity to follo w her through her struggle to the other side and hopefully back.Not knowing how the story will turn out means that you go on the same journey as Chihiro, and all the wonders of the realm she walks into will be new and surprising. This course is what can distinguish betwixt the film being good to the film being great. But Sens adventures are just beginning The film is filled with characters that are perfectly new to our expectations no wicked characters like were used to see, but instead tent-flying Yu-baaba with an overgrown head and her gigantic baby locked away in a room stuffed with toys. on that point are spirits that drift in and out, gigantic figures and tiny soot-balls there are boys who transform themselves into flying wolf-faced serpents, and tiny pieces of paper that fly around and hurt people.Visually, the film is a feast for the eyes. The animation quality is excellent. The colours are richer than anything found in any American animated film. The magnificent anima tion is cleanly simple yet loaded with a level of detail truly astounding, intricately rendered in Studio Ghibli. There is a extra use of CG animation, but they are never prominent. tour it provides a breathtaking illusion of Chihiro pushing through a blossoming flower garden, the electronic imagination blends skilfully with the beautiful hand-drawn characters and backgrounds in a vibrant manner. In many cases, characters convey emotions with subtle changes of expression rather than dialogue. E reallything is perfectly calculated to the mood of the scene, heretofore scenes that have no music at all add to the effect. The music is as good as any Studio Ghibli film that is to say, excellent.Likewise, the voice playing fits the characters perfectly. A superb job is done by the English-language cast in reinterpreting Miyazakis original dialogue where individual lines are contended with to synchronize with the existing animation. In the Nipponese version, Rumi Hiiragi voices Chih iro, and Daveigh Chase being her English counterpart, both skilfully communicate Chihiros determination and bright outlook.Spirited Away draws loosely on Japanese mythology and a never-failing imagination to create a small yet elaborate universe inhabited by all types of creatures. Its a fantastic legend like that of Alice in Wonderland. In fact, in Alice in Wonderland there are several references to characters eating things that transform them. Also, the movie shares all the peculiar characters of the fable, as well as featuring the journey of a character into a strange world. Spirited Away is absolutely more cheerful and entertaining which only adds to the fascination of the film.When Spirited Away won the 2002 Academy Award Winner for Best Animated Feature, the film continued to enjoy an impressive collection of honours, including shell animated film success from the late York motion picture Critics Circle, Los Angeles Film Critics Awards, and the National Board Of Review, n ot to mention the Golden Bear Best Picture Award from the Berlin Film Festival and the Best Film prize from the Japanese Academy Awards. To date, Hayao Miyazakis distinctive fairy tale Spirited Away has acquired more than twenty awards at film festivals around the globe, made the Japanese box office and resolutely secured its place in the chronicles of film history.Spirited Away will appeal to older children as well as adults. While both parents and children can enjoy the absolutely breathtaking animation, the adults will appreciate the story while their kids will most likely be left a little confused. Its not that the plot is complex, but it is the films characters and world that are complicated. The film is elaborate on an unrestrained level, something that probably most of its audience will not be expecting. But for all its layered aspects, the film is driven by a wonderful innocence that makes it quite appealing and ultimately very satisfying. There is nothing overly terrorizat ion in the film (maybe the masked-face monster may be intense for very young children, but its nothing too frightening for kids six and up), so parents should not have a problem taking their kids to see this. Viewers in search of an excellent story will not be disappointed.What distinguishes Miyazakis work from his sources of inspiration is a lighter mood and a true understanding of childish wonder. I would like to make it a film in which 10 year old girls can find their true wishes, Hayao Miyasaki declares. This remarkable drama about a girl who continuously challenges herself and matures significantly over the course of a few days makes Chihiro a heroine. She is a heroine, because she fulfils and builds around her a nave world due to her matchless heart. She gets trained, learns about friendship and loyalty, and survives by using her wisdom because she gained the power to live. It is the main theme of this film to describe such a world clearly in the form of a fantasy.Hayao Miyaza ki is one of the greatest animators and directors in Japan. The amusing plots, believable characters and astounding animation in his films have earned him international recognition from critics as well as reality gratitude within Japan. Miyazaki has outdone himself as this film has all the wonder and brilliance of the other Miyazaki films and is in some ways one of his most compelling. Since it is better than Totoro, it may to a fault be the greatest family film of all time. Both the artwork and animation quality are absolutely magnificent and actually surpass the heights seen in Princess Mononoke. Like some of Miyazakis previous work, there are no definite good or evil characters. This is a rare thing to find in most animated films.The characters are out for their own self-interests. Yu-baaba is not a villain, she is a profiteer. She wants to get the money from the spirits who come to the bathhouse to relax. The masked-face monster is a lonely soul, who, when over stimulated become s an fanatical eater of anything or anyone that gets in its way. I found this to be a revitalizing use of character especially considering how many films we see where the typical villain is nothing more than being bad for the sake of being bad.Now this masterpiece from acclaimed director Hayao Miyazaki and Studio Ghibli is available on videodisk edition distributed by Walt Disney Studios. The two-disc set combines attractive presentation with a remarkable collection of bonus features. The film is presented in wide screen format with very sharp colours. Gladly, both English and the original Japanese soundtracks are available in Dolby Digital 5.1 Surround Sound.Spirited Away is an unquestionable masterpiece, a work of breathtaking beauty and strong emotional quality. Chihiros journey into the unknown will undoubtedly entertain you as much now as it will ten years from today. With Chihiro, the audience too journeys along, awed and grateful for the chance to be part in an imagination s o rich. This movie must be seen as an allegory of how devotion, friendship, and love can conquer greed and liberate ones spirit. From the way the film looks to the way the story develops, even to the way it sounds Spirited Away is the best and most exceptionally rewarding film so far.This review was intended for a magazine becauseo Magazines usually tend to go deeper and wider than a newsprint feature, since generally there is more space available. Because of this, the various topics could be expanded more.o In a magazine familiar words are favorite(a) over the unfamiliar, therefore the style could easily be combined with the magazine style.The Titleo The title chosen reminds us immediately in the fable of Alice in Wonderland. In fact only the girls name is changed in the title.o Both Alice in Wonderland and Spirited Away have parallels between them. These parallels are excessively referred to later in the body.o To make clear the use of the word Wonderland in the title, the rea son for its usage is foundern straight away in the accession a wonderland of bizarre and fantastic creaturesThe Introduction (Lead)o Its purpose is to continue the work of the title by holding the endorsers attention.o It teases the readers to guess what is coming so as to awaken their curiosity and persuade them to continue reading.o The first line starts off with a description of the movies main character so that the readers are made familiar her instantly. It also arouses curiosity as She is still mysterious and her name is not yet revealed. This urges further reading.o A contrast between words is used to imply and describe the realm of the spirits weird and magnificent bizarre and fantastic. The reader might be perplexed and so reads on to answer the question aroused in his / her mind.The bodyo Unity the main theme is threaded through the article and has a flow throughout.o Coherence all material used is shown to be related to the theme, especially by linking techniques and orderly arrangement. The narration of the story has continual interest so as to sweep the readers along.o Emphasis the main purpose of the article is identifiable throughout.o Order straightforwardly chronological the descriptive parts are used to heighten the drama.o As a review it is short and concise, objective and impartial. It was kept in mind so as not to give the ending of the movie awayThe Endingo It tries to be fulfilling and satisfying to the reader in some way.o It is a summing up of the review and ends with an emotional atmosphere.Narration techniqueo Suspense was used a lot, especially in the narration of the story of the film so as to make the reader constantly ask of what will happen to the protagonist. This was achieved through a lot of link words (e.g. and, which, what fallows, this is, while, in fact, likewise), which are useful in helping to book the thread of narration running.o There is often a fair amount of description mingled in, so that the reader can cl early understand what is occurrence and become interested in the protagonist.Styleo The style makes readers feel at ease in the writers company, makes them listen attentively. Most words used are very flowing, objective with a sufficient pace to keep the reader hooked.

English as the Official Language Essay

For so legion(predicate) years in the orb, it is undeniable that the side linguistic communication has been used as a medium of communication. Many countries atomic number 18 using the side terminology for its people to understand each other. Today, the the Statesn face is peculiarly influential, due to the fact that the United States has become the center of honor in damage of popular music, television programs, business and technology, film making and many others (History of the English Language).Although there are myriad kinds of English lyric poem spoken around the world like Australian English, Indian English and Canadian English, the dominance of the English language is the primary understanding that its practice session as an official language in the United States of America should be pushed through. Therefore, it is claimed in this paper that it is proper and tenable for the American English to be considered and ratified by the government as the official language of the United States of America.There are three major reasons why it is proper for the American English to be approved as the official language of the United States of America. First, American English is widely used in many countries in the world that assimilates the United States of America as a melting pot of many races. Second, the American English is the best communicative tool for the understanding of individuals in terms of political, economic, spiritual, physical and educational development. Third, it has been proven for so many years that the use of America English has caused improvement of the sylvan in general. With that, it cannot be denied that the most influential and dominant language in the world is American English.The Dominance of the American English LanguageAmerican English is widely used in many countries in the world that makes the United States of America as a melting pot of many races. There are many people around the world who have elect to migrate in the U nited States of America. The reasons of their migration are to find a greener pasture or to enjoy the freedom and affluence that they can get in the country by chance or opportunity. The country is known for its democratic and representative governance, such that many races are confident enough that America can make their dreams come true. In connection with that, speaking the American English language is an indispensable tool to become a successful immigrant in the country. Therefore, majority of immigrants are also speaking the same language as used by the Americans, making the language the most widely used communicative tool in the land.A study was conducted by the U. S. Census Bureau and released findings that literacy and fluency in English is necessary to achieve economic self-sufficiency (Burt 1). Immigrants who can speak advantageously in American English language are most likely profitable in their jobs and business while staying in the United States. Since almost 22% who held jobs in the United States are foreign, their ability to speak English has a great impact on the economic improvement of the country (Burt 1).That is the main reason why immigrants wanted to learn English as a second language, which adds to the dominance of the same language in the United States of America. Is it not a chump of additional resources for the economic and political progress of the country? Yes, it is. The numerous foreign-born workers in the country contribute to the economic development in one counseling or another. The native-born workers and businessmen can communicate well with immigrants adding more chances for economic improvements. Hence, making the American English Language as official in the United States is proper.American English Language The Best Communicative ToolThe American English is the best communicative tool for the understanding of individuals in terms of political, economic, cultural, spiritual, physical and educational development. It has b een said that a language is a systematic medium of communication through the use of sounds or conventional symbols (Manivannan 1). For so many years, the American English has been considered as one of the principal assets of the country for political, economic, cultural, spiritual, physical and educational development.There are myriad reasons why American English language is the best communicative tool in the whole world. In order to conduct political activities such as elections, foreign affairs, decision-making and policy-making, the use of the American English language is necessary. Journals and books on business matters and other economic conditions are gener all in ally printed in American English language, which makes all the people to learn the language.Tourists are animated to learn the same language because it could help them in enjoying the wonderful sites of the country. The enjoyment of American literature depicted in films and television programs reached across many n ations which is the factor for other races to learn the richness of the American culture.The American invasion is still effective by the dominance of our language which makes our products and services appealing to the whole world. digression from that, there are many students in other countries who wanted to study in the United States of America. Their contribution in the academe is very important as well as their willingness to learn the language. Hence, all the people who live in America become united due to the influence and dominance of the American English language. Do we need to prevent the approval in making the American English language the official one, knowing that it is useful to us? No, we cannot afford to do so. Therefore, the arguments to support the approval of making the American English language as official are meritorious.The Advantages of the American English LanguageIt is not denied that the American language is a principal asset for political and economic devel opment of the country. The English language is also used as a preferred language for the carry-over of international business and scientific studies (Lian 1). In addition, it is easy to sell American products for American English language is widely used in advertisements and promotions worldwide. A foreign-born individual mentioned that, being fluent in American English is a ladder to successful business and other carrier endeavors (The Importance of English in Modern field).We were able to attract many intelligent individuals through the English language and everything we have is a standard for other countries. In all aspects in life, the said language is useful and also pervasive that it reaches in all parts of the world.ConclusionWe are all fortunate to have a language that makes our country a center of commerce, excellence in education and culture and influential in politics. Our country is a strategic place because the American English is widely used in many countries in the world that makes the United States of America as a melting pot of many races.Since the American English is the best communicative tool for the understanding of individuals in terms of political, economic, spiritual, physical and educational development, we are confident that we remain in power all over the world. Finally, the use of America English has caused improvement of our country in general. As conclusion, there is still no doubt that making the English American language as official in the United States of America is proper and meritorious.Works CitedBurt, Miriam. Issues in Improving Immigrant Workers English Language Skills. celestial latitude 2003. 2 February 2009 History of the English Language. 2009. English Club. 2 February 2009 .Lian Li, Khaw. 2008. Khawlilian. 2 February 2009 http//www.khawlilian.com/.Manivannan, G. 2006. Using English Website. 2 February 2009 http//www.usingenglish.com/teachers/articles/importance-english-language.html.The Importance of English in Mo dern World. 17 November 2007. MSN Content Website. 2 February 2009 .

How Group Work Contributes To Learning In Primary Schools

Group trifle, known to others as collaborative or concerted acquisition, is specify as a state of affairs in which, deuce or more people learn or attempt to larn something together Wikipedia Contri furtherors, 2010 . This write up focuses on how on the job collaboratively impacts both counselling and acquisition in primary schools. It describes the background to the development of collaborative acquisition and high vagabond the techniques a great deal employed. The rules to effectual concourse massage atomic number 18 expl ained, with both advantages and disadvantages noted.Collaborative acquisition is a pedagogical scheme which utilizes a variety show of larning activities to heighten a learner s sympathy of a peculiar melodic theme. This is an betterment to traditional acquisition theoretical accounts besides defined as non-interactive talks, where cognition is gained from direct talks or the reading of books and articles. Traditional larning bids in truth small interaction or engagement from the school-age childs, hence a batch or really small whitethorn be learnt dep terminusing on the person. Collaborative larning accordingly stands as a constructivist attack to acquisition, and is identified as arising from a constructivist epistemology, as educatees argon asked to take part and lend to their ain acquisition and development.The thoughts of bookmans such as Burner, Kohlberg, Piaget and Vygotsky are used in the development of collaborative acquisition, which basically implies that both the pupil and the environment are actively alive(p) entities in the acquisition procedure as the pupil tries to portray the slightons. This procedure requires that cognition be discovered and translated utilizing linguistic communication and other larning Plutos to which the pupils can actively associate.Lawrence Kohlberg researched the righteous objects made by kids. His probe is such that he developed an inter grapplew procedure offering a figure o f scenarios, each with a moral quandary for which he had pre-determined replies. He realized that six phases of moral development existed and that some people are unable to make most advanced degrees of respectable reading. He on that pointby concluded that the development of moral concluding happens in a peculiar sequence, and that each measure of the manner is a precursor to the pastime KidsDevelopment.co.uk, 2010 .Jean Piaget s theory of Cognitive Development suggests that persons go through a series of phases on their manner to independent thought. Piaget provinces that all cognition refering knowledge base consequences from actions or operations upon it, which makes it alter, uncovering its stable and variational belongingss ( Piaget, 1980 p222 ) .Lev Vygotsky believed that socialisation increases cognition and frequently garb changes a kid s ideas and behaviors. Vygotsky suggests that larning is achieved in three ways imitative, instructed and collaborative. o nomatopoetic larning involves the pupil merely copying what was taught and instructed acquisition involves the pupil following waies antecedently given. Vygotsky s work was focussed on two of import thoughts. First world the Zone of Proximal Development ( ZPD ) this describes the degree of distinction between a job that a pupil can work out independently and a job in which a pupil pass on necessitate the aid of others. ZPD is frequently identified as an person s degree of existent competency relation to their degree for possible development. The second thought is known as staging and describes the facet of support given to pupils when it is desired.Group work allows pupils to work together in little squads, uniting people with changing backgrounds, experiences, proficient and rational competences, towards the progression of a specific aim. Each member of the squad has the duty of larning the embrace for himself, while besides assisting other members to all the way understand the lesson therefore making an ambiance of accomplishment ( Palmer, Peters and Streetman. 2008 ) . Students thereby derive both cognition and societal accomplishments. The habitude of group treatments helps pupils to explicate constructs and thoughts by tacking immediate feedbacks. Students learn how to trouble-shoot hand in glove in order to happen the best event to a job. When pupils formulate their ain solutions in this mode, they are genuinely believing critically ( Davis, Mahler & A Noddings, 1990 ) .Swortzel expresses that there are two major theoretical attacks to group work Motivational and Cognitive ( Swortzel, 1997 ) . Group work is seen as motivational because pupils recognize that their success or failure in the attainment of the specified end is dependent on them being able to work together as a squad. They thereby encourage each other to acquire the delegate undertakings do decently and on clip, in so making concerted acquisition additions pupils theme to make academic work ( Johnson, Johnson & A Holubec, 1986 ) .The cognitive attack suggests that through group work pupils go more critical with their thought. Students are stimulated to believe outside the box , therefore geting increased degrees of perceptual experience, consciousness, and concluding and fantasy abilities. Group treatments are really synergistic with each person showing their point of view. Within a diverse group, there will be doubtlessly changing suppositions accordingly foregrounding attacks to the same subject.A collaborative model moldiness foremost be established before the execution of collaborative larning techniques. The teacher should research collaborative acquisition and observer other instructors who nourish already implement the usage of group work. The instructor should tone down on a advanced apprehension of the advantages and disadvantages to group work and must develop a acute grasp for the technique of scaffolding. The instructor so needs t o make up ones mental capacity if collaborative acquisition is ideal for the topic being taught, the type of pupils and take into history classroom limitations, if any.Teachers implementing collaborative acquisition are expected to be skilled in the undermentioned countriesStipulating instructional aimsDetermining group size and assign pupils to groupsDetermining Group Size and Assign Students to Group affiliateroom agreementPlaning instructional stuffs to advance InterdependenceDelegating group functionsDelegating undertakingsStructuring positive mutuality and answerabilityExplaining the standards for successStipulating desired behaviorsBefore implementing collaborative larning the instructor should explicate to the pupils their determination for the usage of group work and explicate the advantages and disadvantages. The finding of group sizes may change depending on the nature of the undertaking and the work load. Groups can be unvarying or heterogenous, grouping pupils with si milar involvements and strengths or they may be wholly indiscriminately selected. Once groups are established they universally do non alter really frequently, so as to let pupils to develop a constructive operative relationship with each other.It is of import that the furniture in the schoolroom be nonionic in a manner which allows the pupils to work as a unit, sooner confronting each other, whilst leting for their flexible motions. Teachers should take into history the bing resources needed for successful undertaking uttermost and guarantee that they are readily accessible by the groups. The instructions and stuffs a instructor chooses for a group should guarantee that each member of the group makes a meaningful part and that single assignments within the group will be equally distributed.Teachers should construction positive mutuality and answerability by regularly proving both the groups and the members of the group for apprehension of the capable affair. Members should be en couraged to be able to actively support the stance of the group and their ain. The standards for success of the group should be clearly communicated and measures put into topographic point to measure the group s public presentation as a unit every bit good as the single public presentations of the members.Once the groups have been established, instructors need to negociate the behavior of the pupils and aid with demands while monitoring. In so making, instructors may help with the answering of inquiries and supply and jump point of position or sentiment. Teachers may besides supply feedback on the work completed or the advancement made. Should struggles originate within the groups, instructors should musical note in to guarantee that such struggles are rapidly resolved and explicate the deductions of unwanted behaviors. It is besides really of import that instructors provide approbation and, or motive where it is deserved.Students play the most of import function in the art of col laborative acquisition. Their functions include and are non limited to, working together, actively listening to each other, maintaining cross-files of work and advancement, oppugning each other, pre coreing individualized duty and finishing the assigned undertaking.An article indite by Dillenbourg and Schneider provinces that there are a few weapons to collaborative acquisition contravention or Disagreement, proposing that when equal to peer struggles originate, societal factors cause scholars to disregard the dissension and to some extent forces them to happen a executable solution to the job. One facet of this theory states that diverging point of views normally lead to academic additions, while the other provinces that when struggles are non verbalized they do non foretell positive results ( Dillenbourg and Schneider, 1995 ) . This article draws two decisions relative to this mechanism one being that little misinterpretations can be every bit efficient as a clear struggle between two agents who severally believe P and non P and the 2nd being that verbal interactions generated to work out struggle are related to larning results ( Dillenbourg and Schneider, 1995 ) .Alternate plan besides referred to as the verification prejudices by Dillenbourg and Schneider ( 1995 ) . In so making pupils actively develop thoughts that support their suggestions and wholly disregard thoughts that do non. They frequently propagation can non abandon their thought or suggestion because another suggestion may non be frontwardcoming nevertheless other group members make append suggestions.( Self- ) account the Self-Explanation consequence, as it is in known in many cognitive scientific discipline literature, describes that in a state of affairs where one pupil is more cognition that the other, the latter will automatically larn from the signifier, and besides that the former will rent on a better apprehension of the subject being explained as he endeavours to int erpret into to footings to with the latter pupil can actively associate. Having successfully explained the more knowing pupil would hold improved upon his accomplishments to be and gained improved assurance. Had there been any uncertainnesss in the account, person even more knowing might be able to clear up.Internalization the article explains this mechanism as one in which pupils explain or justify their suggestions to each other, the verbalisation of such impacts all involved and that the constructs communicated are integrated into the hearers concluding. Thinking is viewed a treatment that 1 has with oneself and which develops on the footing of treatments we had with others ( Dillenbourg and Schneider, 1995 ) . The article besides states that for this mechanism to be effectual a few conditions must be met, One locating is that topics can merely absorb constructs which are within their zone of proximal development , i.e. within the vicinity of the current cognitive degree. A nother status is that the less able equal is non left as a inactive hearer, but participates into the joint job work outing scheme ( Dillenbourg and Schneider, 1995 )Appropriation, this is explained as one pupil detecting the thoughts or accounts of another and taking those thoughts or accounts and edifice on it to do their ain. Learning is double as the first pupil reinterprets his actions relative to that of the 2nd, and the 2nd pupil got a sound foundation on which to construct.Shared Cognitive Load, this involves the distribution of undertakings which will answer together to accomplish the overall aim of the group. When the work load is even shared between pupils, each pupil can work meticulously on the assigned undertaking, thereby extinguishing redundancies and bettering the efficiency of the group. roughhewn Regulation, by using any of or a combination of the mechanisms antecedently described, pupils frequently have to modulate the actions of each other to guarantee that th e stipulated guidelines are adhered to for the attainment of their ends.Social Grounding, described limpidly by Dillenbourg and Schneider as the mechanism by which an person efforts to keep the belief that his spouse has understood what he meant, at least(prenominal) to an extent which is sufficient to transport out the undertaking at manus ( Dillenbourg and Schneider, 1995 ) . This mechanism requires the talker to look into for apprehension, and where misunderstand is seeable to clear up, thereby constructing a portion apprehension of the job.George W. Gagnon. Jr. , and Michelle Collay developed another design for collaborative acquisition and in this theoretical account teachers develop a series of stairss that their instruction construction follows every bit listed below They develop a state of affairs for the pupils to explicate ( Gagnon and Collay, 2004 ) They select a procedure for groupings of stuffs and pupils ( Gagnon and Collay, 2004 ) They build a crossbreed between what pupils already cognize and what the instructors want them to larn ( Gagnon and Collay,2004 ) They anticipate inquiries to inquire and reply without giving away an account ( Gagnon and Collay, 2004 ) They encourage pupils to exhibit a record of their thought by sharing it with others ( Gagnon and Collay, 2004 ) , and They solicit pupils contemplations about their acquisition ( Gagnon and Collay, 2004 ) .A comparing of there collaborative techniques, is illustrated in Appendix 1.Johnson, Johnson, and Smith ( 1991 ) high spots three cardinal undertakings instructors should follow for the rating of the efficiency and effectivity after there group work is completed. First, instructors should supply a closing through summarisation. That is, to sum up the lessons of import points or to hold each group explain their work and the points they found of most significance. Second is to measure the pupils larning, by measuring how they have attained or failed to achieve the coveted res ult and supplying the feedback required, leting pupils to better on their ability to work as a group and therefore personal development. Third, instructors should do note of the techniques that worked and why they worked and if necessary adjust their lessons.A popular definition of constructivism is that Constructivism is a theory of cognition which claims that cognition is non passively received but actively constructed by the scholar, and that the map of knowledge is adaptative, functioning to organize experience, instead than detect world ( online, 2010 ) Group work has academic, societal and physiological benefits to both pupils and instructors. faculty member benefits include the development of critical thought and the active engagement of pupils in the acquisition procedure. The societal benefits include the development of societal larning systems for pupils and physiques diverseness apprehension among pupils and instructors. The physiological benefits include increased se lf-esteem through peer-to-peer instructions and it reduces the anxiousness of pupils.Although collaborative larning seems to be dependent on the actions and willingness to larn, which should for many be a natural procedure, there are many disadvantages as there are advantages to is execution. A few of the obstructions faced are some pupils prefer to work competitively instead that collaboratively, instructors insufficiency the ability to readily measure the work produced, instructors sometimes do non cognize how to mensurate the effectivity of their instructions in a collaborative scene, sometimes the assigned undertakings are non applicable to a pupils ends or abilities, and sometimes the undertakings are non hard plenty to dispute but non so hard as to stonewall a conversation. Some groups may be comprised of slow scholars who may be viewed as others as priceless, thereby advancing superior behaviour by the fast scholars . circumvent 1, Appendix 2, illustrated assorted gro up constructions and the advantages and disadvantages to these groups.Nigel Hastings and Karen Chantrey-Wood from Nottingham Trent University explores the many schemes instructors utilize in group work activities, many of which are strongly endorsed by a centering known as the Plowden Committee . By disbursement clip with groups of kids, instructors could set their instruction to the demands of the persons of that group to a greater extent than when working with an full crime syndicate of pupils as a whole. This besides ensures that all kids have a sensible sum of direct contact with their instructor regardless of the fact that they are working in groups Hastings & A Wood, 2002 . This suggests that collaborative acquisition enhances the happening of individualised attending given to pupils, by presenting one-on-one interactions between pupils and equals and pupils and instructors.The article besides illustrates that schoolroom agreement is really of import in guaranting th at collaborative acquisition is efficient and effectual. It shows that collaborative acquisition in widely accepted and really normally practise across the Earth In primary schoolrooms throughout the UK, it is standard pattern for kids to sit around sorted tabular arraies normally with four to six kids in each group. Such agreements are besides common in primary schools in other English-speaking states, Australia and USA for illustration. Precisely because this constellation is so normal and so good established in our schools, it is unusual to inquire about its principle or to oppugn its rightness Hastings & A Wood, 2002 .An abstract written from an experiment conducted by Gillies and Ashman, One hundred and 92 Grade 6 kids participated in a accompany which compared the effects on behavioral interactions and accomplishment of ( a ) co-op acquisition in which group members were expert to join forces to ease each other s acquisition, and ( B ) co-op acquisition in which mem bers were non trained but were simply told to assist each other. Graded random assignment of participants occurred so that each gender-balanced group consisted of one high- , two medium- , and one low-ability studenta ( Gillies & A Ashman, 1999 ) . The observations showed that the pupils who worked in the Trained groups where more antiphonal and reformative to each other, giving accounts where necessary to help as they worked together. It showed that pupils in the untrained groups were a batch less helpful towards or concerted with each other. From the consequences it was besides concluded that the kids in the trained groups exercised more autonomy with their acquisition and obtained higher acquisition results than untrained equals ( Gillies & A Ashman, 1999 ) . This survey is one of the many to certify to the success of group work.Despite some drawbacks Collaborative acquisition has legion benefits, as is explained, runing from academic to physiological and it execution i n primary schools is rather a positive move. Students at the primary school degree are rather waxy and there is no better clip for them to develop the really valuable competencies that working in a group has to offer. At the primary school degree they are mature plenty to hold an apprehension of what group work requires. Many of the surveies conducted were centralized around childhood developments. Students who can successfully work in groups from the primary school degree are normally better equipped for when come ining higher degree larning establishments. They would hold learnt to comfortably associate with equals and grownups, such as instructors or other authorization figures, they would hold learnt the value of self-expression and self-explanation, actively listen and esteem the positions of others. These pupils realize that as persons we have different backgrounds, experiences and traditions and as such may hold diverging attacks to the same job. These pupils will besides be better able to distinguish between the demand to work collaborative and the demand to work competitively and in so making will cognize when best to use the several attacks.This research has revealed that both the instructors and the pupils play a polar function in the success of collaborative acquisition. Teachers are non expected to merely delegate undertakings and sit back while the pupils work on their ain. Teachers must play an active function throughout the procedure. They must be after for the assignment with clearly structured undertakings that will advance collaborative interactions, promote mutuality and excite cognitive thought among pupils. Teacher must supervise the procedure supplying ongoing feedback and be readily able to decide struggles should they originate. Teachers should be able to actively scaffold their pupils, cognizing when their support is needed and that it should bit by bit be withdraw.Students in order to successfully accomplish their aims in groups must appreciate the benefits of group work. They must hold a clear apprehension of the coveted aim and the sub-task demand to successfully accomplish the aim. They must be able to actively and reflectively listen to each other and utilize creativeness and objectiveness to work positively together. In so making they will larn to further positive work attitudes with others, thereby bettering on their interpersonal accomplishments as they prepare for the work universe.Appendix 1Three Constructivist Design Models 1 1. The Learning Cycle2. The Learning Step developed by George W. Gagnon. Jr. and Michelle Collay3. The Information complex body part ( ICON ) theoretical account created by Robert O. McClintock and John B. Black, and is really similar to Dillenbourg and Schneider.Appendix 2Table 1 Forms of Cooperative Groups 2 Name OF GROUPWHAT IS THIS?WORKS exceed FORBenefitsDrawbackPair-share2 pupils with one job portion their thoughts or inquiries. Each individual speaks, listens, & A gi ves feedback.Content that requires treatment, contemplation, or account.Increased engagement clip, Helps those who are diffident few positions and solutionsSaber sawEach member of the little group researches one portion of the inquiry /content for a certain sum of clip. The members of the group come back together. Each member teaches his/her portion to the remainder of the group.Content with four or five parts to research.Students gain learning and research accomplishmentsSome pupils facial expression pressured by a clip boundSplit-class treatmentThe category is split into half. Each side discusses /debates their cognition /beliefs, etc.Arguments or treatmentsStudents may alter their sentiment or develop a different positionSome pupils may talk less with such a big group.Random groups of 3Class is split into groups of 3. The groups discuss the subject.Predicting what will go on, reacting to a state of affairs.Receive a assortment of feedback, group members are accountableEasy to g o forth out or team up against a diffident pupil or one who has a different sentimentAbility/Interest/ experience GroupStudents are divided into groups based on some quality that they all have in common.Making plays/skits or an activity in which pupils must work together outside of category.Students can work at a gait that best suits them, pupils are seldom world-weary and frequently motivatedIt is unreal to happen a wholly homogenous group, weaker or unpopular pupils may be excluded.Diverseness GroupsStudents are formed into groups where they come from a broad assortment of backgrounds, involvements, etc.Researching geographics, history, and diverse life styles.There are many chances to derive different positionsMinorities may go anomicMulti-aged groupsStudents are divided into groups in which there are a mixture of agesOlder pupils learning younger pupils ( i.e. scientific discipline experiments ) .Older students- there is less force per unit area to vie with equals, Younger pupi ls fell of import that an older individual is passing clip with themOlder pupils may be a bad influence Older pupils may non cognize how to work with a younger kid or an at hazard pupilPeer-led ConferencesStudents prepare and take a treatment of stuff with parents, teachers, pupils, etc.A major undertaking in which pupils set up Stationss for several intelligences.Students get the chance to genuinely learn, pupils learn self assurance.Students whose parents are inactive in the school may be alienated from those whose parents participate some pupils may non be involved in interactions.NotesThese diagrams were obtained from hypertext enrapture protocol //www.thirteen.org/edonline/concept2class/constructivism/implementation_sub1.htmlThis tabular array was obtained from hypertext transfer protocol //projects.coe.uga.edu/epltt/index.php? title=Cooperative_Learning Frequently_Asked_Questions_about_Cooperative_Learning

Native American Boarding Schools

An Indian boarding school refers to one of many schools that were established in the United States during the late 19th century to educate domestic American youths according to Euro-American standards. These schools were primarily run by missionaries. These often proved traumatic to Native American children, who were forbidden to speak their native languages, taught Christianity and denied the right to practice their native religions, and in numerous other ways forced to abandon their Native American identities and adopt European-American culture and the English language.There were many documented cases of sexual, physical and mental abuse occurring at these schools. In the late eighteenth century, reformers starting with chapiter and Knox, in efforts to civilize or otherwise assimilate Native Americans (as opposed to relegating them to reservations), adopted the practice of educating native children in modern American culture. The politeness Fund motivate of 1819 promoted this c ivilization policy by providing funding to societies (mostly religious) who worked on Native American improvement.Attendance in Indian boarding schools generally grew passim the first half of the 20th century and doubled in the 1960s. Enrollment reached its highest point in the 1970s. In 1973, 60,000 American Indian children are estimated to cave in been enrolled in an Indian boarding school. Several dismantlets in the late 1960s and mid-1970s (Kennedy Report, National Study of American Indian Education, Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975) led to more emphasis on community schools.Many large Indian boarding schools closed in the 1980s and early 1990s. In 2007, 9,500 American Indian children lived in an Indian boarding school dormitory. This includes 45 on-reservation boarding schools, 7 off-reservation boarding schools and 14 peripheral dormitories. From 1879 to the present day, hundreds of thousands of American Indians are estimated to have attended a n Indian boarding school. Native American children were often separated from their families and people when they were sent or sometimes taken to boarding schools off the reservations.These schools ranged from those deal the federal Carlisle boarding School, to schools sponsored by religious organizations to some created by non-profits such as the founding of an Indian school in Hanover, New Hampshire in 1769. In addition to reading, writing, and arithmetic, the Carlisle curriculum constituted of vocational training for boys and domestic science for girls, including chores around the school and producing goods for market. In the summer students were often outsourced to local farms and townspeople to deal their immersion and provide labor at low cost.Carlisle and its curriculum would become the model for the Bureau of Indian Affairs and by 1902 there were twenty-five federally funded non-reservation schools across fifteen states and territories with a of over 6,000. Although federal legislation made education compulsory for Native Americans, removing students from reservations required parent authorization, although coercion and even violence were often used to secure the preset quota of students from any given reservation.Once the new students arrived at the boarding schools, life altered drastically. They were given new haircuts, uniforms, and even new English names, sometimes based on their own, other times assigned at random. They could no longer speak their own languages, even among each other, and they were expected to convert to Christianity. Life was run by the strict orders of their teachers, and it often included grueling chores and stiff punishments.

Regional Metropolis: Constantinople and Tenochtitlan Essay

Constantinople and Tenochtitlan were 2 great cities in their time. They both had numerous superior animal(prenominal) features. They also had many cultural influences and their major function for each metropolis was contrastive. The two cities had classic landmarks and their locations even so exist. The cities both had religious affiliations and other important aspects. Constantinople and Tenochtitlan help to show you what cities were like between 1160-1520.Any two cities could have been chosen to show what it was like back then. These two show the global constitution of this occurrence by contrasting the two. One is located in the Mediterranean and the other is in Mesoamerica so they are basically worlds apart. They also experience two dissimilar kinds of life. These two were also chosen to be compared because many of the Europeans went to these aspires and made their own accountable comparisons on what they had thought.Each urban center had its own dominant physical char acteristics. Constantinople had St. Sophia and the hippodrome. It also had well-to-do houses and markets. Constantinople was in the center for trading on the Silk Road. It also had a great defense system because the city was surrounded by water. The city had the Old horn Port on one of its edges. Tenochtitlan was reinforced up in the marshes. The city also had special roads to connect it to the mainland. Each city had its way of living with their physical features.Constantinople and Tenochtitlan each had its own practice of cultural influences. Constantinople was mostly Roman and Greek. They mainly spoke Greek there. They were also Christian Orthodox. Tenochtitlan was built by the inspiration of two older cities. The immigrants and visitors that came had to stay in their own neighborhoods. They also traded with the north and south. Constantinople and Tenochtitlan were influenced by their cultures.The major function for each city was different from each other. Constantinople was us ed as a political place. It was also very religious. Constantinople was also a major trade center. Tenochtitlan was mainly a religious center. It had different ritual sacrifices that went on. It also had a lot of religious ceremonies that went on. They both had differentfunctions.The cities had many important landmarks and their locations still exist. Constantinople had St. Sophia as well as the Mese Road or Midway. The Golden Gate was also located there. Other places located here are the Golden Horn and the Hippodrome. Tenochtitlan had the Pyramid of the Sun. They also had the Market. Old Horn Port is still some today. Tenochtitlan stood where present day Mexico City is. Each city had its own set of important places and each are still around in some way.Each city had its own religious affiliations. Constantinople was centered around the Orthodox Church. Tenochtitlan had many things that were religious. They had sacrifices in their city. They also had many Gods and were polytheisti c. Tenochtitlan also had many priests and a chief to look up to. Constantinople and Tenochtitlan had their own way of believing in their religions.Constantinople and Tenochtitlan also had some other important characteristics. Constantinople was extremely wealthy. They also had habitant Greeks that were not made for war. The language of Tenochtitlan was Nahuatl. They also had a population of two hundred thousand. Their city was built by the Aztecs. The two cities had many important characteristics. intimately Europeans had their part in thee decline of both of these cities. Many places say that their religions had an affect on their violence. They both had an obsession for gold and other wealthy material. They each had a big population for their time. Many believed that because of their great and different urban development went well with the fact that they had a modern economic development. Both were built in imitation of older cities and more well-known centers. They both were kno wn more as imperial capitals, merely now they are often referred to as cities. Constantinople was older, but its became more famous as a Roman capital later in history. Tenochtitlan was a younger city and quickly grew from a small place into the largest city of the Americas as their expansion of power grew over all of Mesoamerica.Constantinople and Tenochtitlan helped to demonstrate how cities developed and what their lives were like back then when they were developing cities. They both had their own set of physical characteristics. They also had their own share of cultural influences and what their major function for their city was. Constantinople and Tenochtitlan had important landmarks within each of their city limits and the site for their locations are still around in some form. They also had their own religious beliefs and ways of life. They also had some other important aspects to their cities to distinct themselves from other cities. Constantinople and Tenochtitlan were cla ssified as a city, but do you think they could have become more than that?BibliographyWiesner, Wheeler, Doeringer, Curtis. Discovering The Global Past. Houghton Mifflin Company New York 2007. Pages 268-300. line of descent 4, Illustrated Map of Constantinople, 13th Century Source 5, Interior Saint Sophia Source 10, Spanish Illustrated Map of Tenochtitlan

The Advantages and Disadvantages of Government Hospital and Free Health Care

The Advantages and Disadvantages of Government and Privat Hospital and Free Health Cargon try outEvery government provides service for their citizens. One of the key beas governments focus their attention on is public health caveat. Citizens have the benefit of receiving barren health forethought serve whenever they need it. Yet, everything that is provided for free has its drawbacks.There are disadvantages as well as advantages associated with free health care services provided by governments for their citizens. Firstly, with the anticipation of free health services, there is a high likelihood of poor quality of services. According to the Ministry of Healths strategical Plan 2011-2015, Fiji has one of the lowest score health expenditure as a percentage of gross domestic product (GDP) when compared to other Pacific Island countries. As a result of a miss of finances, it can be expected that health services and products may not be of high quality. Moreover, cheaper and less effective medication may be inclined in place of quality and effective drugs. It should not be expected that citizens have the best quality of health services due to the limited compute and expenditure of the ministry.Another disadvantage of free health care is the shortage of doctors and nurses. The Minister of Health (Fiji), Dr Neil Sharma said that doctor shortages were a common occurrence in every part of the world and Fiji was no exception (Malo 2011, p. 5). For instance, at Rakiraki Hospital one doctor looks after over ten thousand people and all three doctors cater for the twenty-nine thousand population of Tavua (Malo 2011, p. 5). From this information it can be seen that the doctor to patient ratio is very low.Thirdly, free health care services leads to overcrowding in hospitals. With the availability of free medical services, citizens have the opportunity to make the most(prenominal) use of the services provided to them and this in turn leads to overcrowding. It is an all besides common site to see long queues and frustrated patients at the outpatient section of major hospitals (Fiji Times Online 2008). Many people wait for hours before they are seen as the hospitals are just not large enough to cater for them all. With the large population ofFiji, it is not surprising that overcrowding occurs in hospitals. However, free health care services have many advantages as well. Governments spend a lot of time, money and resources in providing health care services and it is only after carefully examining the benefits that these services are provided. The advantages that will be considered include benefit to all classes of people, the continual improvement of healthcare services and the reduction and control of disease outbreaks. Equally substantial to consider are the advantages of free health services.Free health services benefit all classes of people especially the poor and needy who cannot afford high-ticket(prenominal) treatments offered at privat e hospitals and those citizens who do not have health insurance. In Fiji, the healthcare system is mainly financed through general taxation (Ministry of Health Strategic Plan 2011-2015, p. 11). The revenue collected from taxation is based on income levels and the ability of the individual to pay. Consequently, the poor families benefit greatly from this service as they get the most out of it. In addition, another advantage to consider is that the government continually improves its services.Citizens benefit greatly from the ameliorate health services governments provide. According to the Minister of Health, Dr Neil Sharma, the ministrys foremost objective is to strengthen principal(a) healthcare services in the country. The Permanent Secretary for Health, Dr Salanieta Saketa added that one major target for the ministry is to improve the delivery of primary healthcare services (Ministry of Health Annual Corporate Plan 2011, pp. 3-4). The Fiji government besides spends a substantia l amount on educating and training health professions (Panda 2003, p. 37). These are only a few of the many ways the government is improving the healthcare system. Finally, free health services help to reduce and control disease outbreaks.Those individuals who are carriers of morbific diseases are treated and cared for. For example, the Ministry of Health has sections dealing with HIV and AIDS, adolescent and reproductive health, oral health and non-communicable diseases to name a few. Information is also provided on these diseases and prevention. These services are very beneficial to the itizens and the nation as a whole as it stops the risk of spreading the illness to the blameless population. Free health services are indeed beneficial for the entire population. In conclusion, free health services provided by governments have its disadvantages and advantages. Although there are disadvantages to this service, in some ways, the advantages do outweigh the disadvantages. Governments do recognise the need for poor and needy families access to healthcare services and also know that in order to cater for their citizens needs, they must continually improve their health services.Governments also recognise the need to control or if possible eliminate the outbreak of infectious diseases in order to protect the entire population. The government has done a great job in providing the citizens with healthcare services and this can be improved by allocating more finances to the health sector. With these in play, it is safe to say that the free health care services governments provide have great advantages for their citizens.

Belonging in Romulus, My Father and This Is England

Our perception of belonging is shaped by various aspects, one of the most(prenominal) influential of these being the confined expectations of society. As one understands and accepts the socially constructed definition of how an individual whitethorn belong, one begins to label themselves under this classification. This awareness causes one to deepen and shape their behaviour according to their own perception of whether or not they belong, which in turn is based on societys standards. It whitethorn fare as a process of belonging, or alternatively, as a barrier.This concept is unadorned in the first scene of the film This is England, as 12-year-old Shaun enters his new school, constitute on his fathers old denim jeans. He stands helplessly among his classmates, most in ties, hats and uniform jackets. This juxtaposition immediately shows Shauns quickly formed perception of how one may belong in this environment, as a fight is initiated ca employ by his incompatible choice of cloth ing. His sense of belonging is dogged by societys expectations, and thus his behaviour is shaped accordingly.Shaun further isolates himself from the society as a result of this, sitting unaccompanied in the playground. This act of cruelty causes Shaun to indue blame upon his mother, who brought him from Germany to England, determined to start life afresh after the death of his father. Consequently, this gives rise to the additional seclusion from what was once a place of belonging, his home, and his family. A similar concept is evident in Romulus, My Father, a memoir written by Raimond Gaita. Raimonds mother Christine experiences a life of rejection from society.In like manner as Shane encountered upon moving to England, Christine held a powerful sense of belonging to her home culture in Germany, and therefore the sudden change in landscape only furthered the isolation that was also influenced by her mental illness. Gaita feels that her psychological incapacity was exacerbated by the unwillingness of the community to accept and help her.He explains the behaviour of society as the unattractive side of a conception of value whose other side nourished a distinctively Australian decency. Gaitas personification of society shows that the extent to which this cruelty has reached is inhumane. Such was the sectionalization of the human spirit in that part of the world at that time. Like many other sharp divisions, it could not capture the many worthy slipway of being human. It nourished some possibilities, maimed others and would not allow some even to see the light of day sense of belonging may have aided in the healing of her illness, but paradoxically it was her illness that meant she would never experience a sense of acceptance.Societys expectations formed Christines in vogue(p) perception of belonging, in turn shaping her behaviour. The community in which she lived held a strong belief in character as a defining reference through which individuals show they have the right fit to society. Tom Lillie and others disliked my mother partly because they saw her engaging vivacity as a dangerously attractive manifestation of personality in a woman they believed to be lacking entirely in character a characterless woman. In its diachronic and cultural context, women of rural Victoria in the 1950s were expected to hold a conservative nature. Perhaps that is why women at that time and in that place were especially vulnerable to the deadening attractions of middle-class respectability. The negative connotations attached to the word deadening reflects Gaitas attitude to such restrictions, expressing through emphatic language his judgment of those who are not immediate conformists to the expectations that society has created. The community is repelled by her inability to care for Raimond, her promiscuity and her obsession with appearance over responsibilities.Christines understanding that she may never belong in a society that holds such define d expectations of women shapes her behaviour in that she pushes herself further away from the community, all the while influencing her to attempt to get hold a connection with her family. This is England also emphasizes the dominant ideology of its era. White nationalism and patriotism were seen as the norm, and the movement against immigrants was extreme due to the area the film was engraft in, a low class area, where unemployment records were extremely high.The entire film displays each scene very black and white, as a representation of the reality of the issues in its context. Towards the end of the movie, Combo and Shaun decide to raid a shop with a Pakistani shop-keeper. As Combo leaves the store, he threatens the shop-keeper, bellowing, this is our little Shandy, and well come ere anytime we like. A close-up of the shaken shopkeeper, who does not retaliate to Combos words, shows that white people were accepted as being superior to colours.Shauns involvement portrays his acce ptance of the determine and customs that being a skinhead require, and his alteration of his behaviour upon adhering to these expectations in order to belong. The final scene of the film shows Shaun wandering along the beach, carrying a British flag. He pauses and throws the flag out to sea, a symbol of the knowledge he has gained and what has come from his experiences. Shaun is seen at the same location in the beginning of the film, this device being used as a sound and visual metaphor that symbolises the issues and his understanding of belonging have very much changed over time.

Mobile Phone Simulation Essay

IntroductionAs advancement in technology becomes more and more rapid in development that many technological electronic devices lead becomes obsolete before it is sold. As the add up lifecycle of the many refreshing products in the world today becomes shorter and shorter. This is the leading cause of obsolete account for manufacturers and retailers, where their inventory go forth not sell without being mark down. The other problem is that popular products go forth sell as soon as they hit the shelves and cause a stock out. As retailers larn to become leaner and work with manufacturers so they weed continuously replenish stock when fatalityed. That way it allow for help reduce the risk for both manufacturers and retailers. The people managing the supply chain must compel sinless food mart prediction and allocate their resource to match the prediction. For the two lines of mobile phones that will be move around in to the market, we will do everything described above. We w ill stick out the phone, take advice from forecasting team and thus order performance. After the production are the sales and the adjustments make in reaction to the market condition. The yrend sales result will tell us how often we made and board room meeting will give us feedback on how well we did.DesignIn designing the phone for course of instruction one, we clear-cut to use basic regulate with no survivals added, just to test how it will do and to save on the cost of adding an election. That came to the cost of $130 for beat A and $150 for model B. In year two, we obstinate to add the survival of extra battery because we believed that extra battery life will result in greater demand for the phones. That came to the cost of $150 for model A and $170 for model B. In year three, we break upd to add two options, the anti-theft and the speaker options. The reason we pick anti-theft is that we believe that anti-theft would be important to anyone who relies on their pho ne to perform day to day task and would not like to lose their phone. The speaker option was added the extra function on the phone, which we believe could boost sales. That came to the cost of $180 for model A and $cc for model B. In year four, we decided to go with a sleek design, the super-slim. The reason we pick this option was because we did not think the other options were viable except for this one. Two of the other options the anti-theft and the speakers did not get a good response from the year before so we exclude those options. The mini-DVD option was excluded because we did not think anyone would extremity to watch a movie on a tiny screen. In this design only the super-slim option was added and that came to the cost of $155 for model A and $175 for model B.ForecastingAfter finishing the design for the two phones the next part to do was Forecasting. For year 1the average for model A is 60k, and for model B its 30K. We decided to put the demand estimate for model A 60k, and for model B 26k.For year 2 the average for model A is 54k, and the average for Model B 31k. We decided to put the demand for model A 50k, and for model B 30K. For year 3 the average for model A is 63k and 27 for model B. we decided to put the demand estimate at 60k for model A, and 25k for model B. for year four the average for model A was 61k, and 24k for model B. we put the demand for model at 58k, and 20k. In year 1 we made record profit 40,986k, and made 29,146k in year 2, thus in year 3 we made record low 28,873k, in year four the company finish with 40,008k.In finding the information in the game helped a little. The game should give more insight information establish on the customers. Besides the amount of forecast provided, little information was given in order to make a professional decision on sales.ProductionsFor year one, as a team we choose to go conservative with the production approach. The things we choose to go with were Far Far Away supplier just because we au thentically didnt want to spend 2 million dollars extra just for a month shorter. in any case with the Far Far Away supplier we decided to start with the month January just because the phones came out in May, and the shipping deliver was 4 month out. Also we went with Pretty Close supplier just because they delivered on time and was a lot cheaper with the price than the other supplier. For year two we went conservative again and went with the alike suppliers. With this year we ran out of supplies so we were forced to rework the shipment so we could get more phones and of bloodline that cost 2 million dollars but in the end it was worth it. For year three we mixtured things up and went with the Far away Supplier and that had change things up. We basically had to change which month to start production and how much we need. We too stayed with the pretty close supplier because they were always on point. Once again with this year we had to change things around because we were all o ver stocking the shelves, so we spent the 2 million to send fewer phones from both suppliers. For the shoemakers last year we went back to the original suppliers and things went well for us. The only problem we had was that we ran out of phones half way done the year and when we notice it was too late to change the amount of shipment we needed.Board of Directors FeedbackFor the majority of the assumption, the responses from the board of directors were positive. In the first year, we accepted three votes from the board, but not without any formative criticism. First time around, the board suggested that we think more near uncertainty of demand, the differences in the two products and when to over produce and when to under-produce. In the second year, we had once again received three votes from the board. This time, they suggested that we further consider the concepts of faculty allocation and production flexibility, internal dynamics and the use of overseas vs. domestic suppli ers. As the third year came to an end, we again received three votes from the board. They then suggested that we consider the concepts of markdown costs as well as the coefficient of correlation between the predictions from our analysts and their personalities, because their personalities may sometimes prevent them from making an accurate prediction. Finally, in the fourth year we received one less vote than the previous three years. As final pieces of advice, the board of directors stated that we need to better account for risk in making decisions, as well as to think about the differences in the two different models we were producing, and the concepts of stocking, holding and markdown costs.RecommendationsSome recommendations to our competitors are to focus on what our company is producing, mark their products from ours, and new features on the devices to the changing market. Other companies must focus on our devices that we are producing. They must cipher what our company is p roducing and produce it better at a lower cost. They must also focus on our product so that they can differentiate their products from ours. If other companies can differentiate their product enough from ours and can make it a popular device then consumers will no longer want our modality of phone and theyll be attracted to their devices. Finally our competitors must give their devices new innovative features and functions so that the public center field is focused on these new changes and everyone is willing to pay for these new functions in their phones. Other companies must also view who our company is marketing our devices to. Our competitors can decide if they want to market to the alike target market as us or if they are willing to pick a different target market from ours. This is a big decision which can make or break their company. If our competitors decide to pick the same target market as us it will most likely result in high marketing cost within each of our companies and both of our marketing budgets will have to go up. If our competitors decide to pick a different target market then they will have to make a decision on which market they wish to pick as their target market and our company will have to decide if we want to try to take this market from them or not.ConclusionIn closedown our simulation went very well our company made good profit each year and our production line was consistent. Each year our product was obsolete so we would need to produce a new phone to keep up with changes in technology. This caused forecasting to be a major factor in our business we had to make sure we knew the right amount of each Model to be produced by our consumers. If we made any errors in forecasting we made sure to send the proper adjustments to our suppliers so that we were not left field with too much surplus that would have to be marked down. It also seemed that the years that we had a famine of a model ended up making us the most revenue. Overall t he board of directors gave us positive reviews, each year we received multiple votes by the board and they had positive feedback to tell us. The simulation went very well and if we had more years we feel confident that we learned enough to maximize net even more than we already have.

Importance of Time Essay

Time is precious. It is invaluable. It is one of the right factors. Our life is measured in terms of time. We grow in time, live in time and belong in time. Time is fleeting. It is changing. It never stops. Neither does it wait for anyone. Time once lost is lost for ever. It ho substance ab workout never be regained. It can never be captured. It is the most potent factor. Even the strongest and powerful monarchs claim been helpless before time. Even they could not command time to stop. So, we should be careful about the grandness of time. We should never waste it. We are successful in life only when we make the silk hat employment of time.Time is the most influential factor in this world. It is abstract. E very(prenominal)thing in this world is commanded and decided by time. nix can escape the hold of time. It is the time which gives us the opportunity to make use of it. Those who make ruff use of time and avail those opportunities grow and rise in life. Those who waste thei r time lag behind. They snitch to make any mark in life. He is the wisest who makes the best use of time. He rises to the striking heights who keep pace with the time. A stitch in time save nine is a usual maxim. It highlights the importance of time in life.It means that an act done in time saves from inconvenience and trouble. It brings reward. It is paying and it saves from hassle and confusion. Unnecessary delay and lazy attitude towards ones assigned duty is very dangerous. The great men of the world rose to fame, glory and success because they always made best use of their time. They made a mark in time. They became immortal. They are guide and source of inspiration for generations to come. To ensure best use of time in life, one needs to be very punctual. Punctuality avoids inconvenience and tension.It offers great opportunity, which, if struck properly brings big results. Opportunity once lost is hardly regained. Proper use of time brings success and achievements. Doing everything in time should be the guiding principle of life. Man has limited years to live, alone there is lots of work to do. So, he should live a purposeful life. He should make supreme use of distributively and every moment. Time is precious. It should be valued. We should make use of it in best accomplishable way. Just imagine and suppose that there is a bank account that credits your account each morning with $86,400.It carries over no balance from day to day. Every evening the bank deletes whatever trip of the balance you failed to use during the day. What would you do? Draw out every cent, of course? from each one of us has much(prenominal) a bank account. Its name is TIME. Every morning, it credits you with 86,400 seconds. Every night it writes off as lost, whatever of this you have failed to invest to a good purpose. It carries over no balance. It allows no over draft. Each day it opens a new account for you. Each night it burns the remains of the day. If you fail to use the days deposits, the loss is yours.There is no drawing against tomorrow. You must live in the endue on todays deposits. Invest it so as to get from it the utmost in Health, enjoyment and Success The clock is ticking Make the most of today. To derive the value of ONE YEAR, ask a student who failed a grade. To realise the value of ONE MONTH, ask a mother who has given stimulate to a premature baby. To realise the value of ONE WEEK, ask the editor of a weekly newspaper. To realise the value of ONE HOUR, ask the lovers who are waiting to meet. To realise the value of ONE MINUTE, ask a person who dependable missed a train.To realise the value of ONE SECOND, ask someone who just avoided an accident. To realise the value of ONE MILLISECOND, ask the person who won a silver medal at the Olympics. Treasure every moment that you have And treasure it more because you shared it with someone special, special adequacy to spend your time with. And remember time waits for no one. I sugg est you to watch the animation icon KungFu Panda in which old tortoise Kung Fu Master advises fat Panda in such words yesterday is history. Tomorrow is a mystery. Today is a gift. Thats why its called the present.

Water Imbalance

Phu Pham 002815421 Water Imbalance When we talk about body of weewee imbalance, it is necessary to prototypical know of waters tendency to move from high density to low concentration. This property of water is influenced by three conditions isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic. Isotonic condition exists when the concentration of the solute is the same as the concentration wrong the stall. Because the concentrations ar the same on both sides, there is no movement of water.In hypertonic, however, the concentration of solute is greater on the extracurricular than on the inside, water moves out of doors of the cell until concentration on both sides reach equilibrium. Because water moves outside, this causes the cell to shrink. In hypotonic solution, the concentration of solute is greater on the inside than on the outside, water is drawn inside the cell to reach equilibrium while busting the cell opened.Inside the human body, there are many solutes that unitedly make up blood and other solution necessary for life such as sodium, calcium, potassium, water These ions are called electrolytes, a vital key in maintaining the homeostasis. Serious electrolytes usually associated with sodium, potassium, and calcium. Other electrolytes disturbances are little common. A sodium imbalance occurs when there is alike little or too ofttimes sodium in the bloodstream. Hyponatremia happens when there is too little sodium, and hypernatremia occurs when there is too much sodium.In normal activity, sodium is thoughtless by the kidney to regulate water levels in the body. But when there is a water imbalance, such that of too much or too little of water, the body either gets rid of or absorbs too much sodium. Regular symptoms includes muscle cramps, confusion, restlessness, agitation, tissue swelling, depression, lack of coordination, seizures, and more than seriously coma. Hypernatremia, a condition when there is more sodium ions on the outside than the inside of the cells , causes fluid to be pulled from the cells of the brain resulting in cell shrinkage. This is the old cause of neurological symptoms.Hyponatremia is a condition when there is more sodium ion on the inside than the outside of the cells. Osmotic movement of water into the brain cell may increase the brain size higher up normal. This can lead to seizures and other severe neurological effects. Therefore, the maintaining of electrolytes is very important in order for the cells to last. whatever imbalance in the concentration of water inside the body will directly affect the concentration of solutes (electrolytes) in the blood and cause severe damage. http//rnbob. tripod. com/sodiumimbalance. htm http//www. medscape. com/medline/abstract/15982544? src=emed_ckb_ref_0

International Business – Midterm Review

AFM 333 Midterm Review Module 1 Fall of Berlin Wall 1989 Two Trends altering worldwide market globularization of markets and technological advances Globalization interconnection of field economies, emergence mutuality of buyers, producers and suppliers in different countries G6 economies US, UK, Japan, Germany, France, Italy Account for half of global consumption with whole 1/10 of creation B6 economies China, India, Russia, Brazil, Mexico, southerly Korea China is the biggest market for ph wizards, TVs, and cars in 2007 China and India eat up more than middle class ho social occasionholds than all of the households in the United States Growth in B6 more than 3x the suppuration in G6 economies 62 Multithemes in Fortune Global 500 20 of these multi internals are in China 12 from South Korea 6 from India 5 from Mexico and 5 from Russia B6 induce three times the labour force of G6 countries 33 million university-educated young professionals in developing terra firm a compared to 14 million in the demonstrable world 00 000 IT Engineers in India vs. 50 K in US In the decade to 2020, the working-age population of emerging economies is expect to increase by more than 500 million, compared with an increase of only 3. 7 million in developed economies. Drivers of Market Globalization 1. Reduction of address and enthronement barriers 2. Market Liberalization move to market base economies + adopt free trade in China + Soviet Union etc. 3. Industrialization + modernization + developing economies creating luxuriouslyer value adding products 4.Integration of World Financial Markets right(prenominal)(a) banks, globalization of finance 5. Advances in engineering science reduces cost and time, improves coordination and communication, facilitates development, helps share information/marketing, virtual space removes distance Dimensions of Market Globalization integration/interdependence of global economies increase regional scotchal integrat ion bloc growth of global investment point of intersection of buyer lifestyles/preferences globalization of yield activities Social Concequences loss of subject s all oerignity offshoring/outsourcing jobs effects on the poor, the natural environment and national culture warm-level consequences in the raw business opportunities new bumps and rivalries more demanding buyers ( little bargaining power to supplier) international value images Phases of Globalization 1. 1830-1880 Introduction of railway and ocean transport (trains and ships) + phone and telegraph invented 2. 1900-1930 increased poise and electricity production + westerly Europe most industrialized country so established prototypical multinational subs with colonization (Nestle, Shell, BP) 3. 948-1970 Form general agreement on tariff and trade + high demand for consumer products and input goods to rebuild after the war 4. 1980- straight radical advances in IT, communication, manufacturing, consultation, and privatization. Caused by commercialisation of the personal computer. Arrival of the Internet and the web browser. Advances in communication and manufacturing technologies. Collapse of the Soviet Union and turn out market liberalization in central and Eastern Europe. Substantial industrialisation and modernization efforts of the East Asian economies including China.gross domestic product growth evaluate highest in developing economies who emphasize global integration Information travels faster now than ever before (ships/carraiges, steamships/cars, motor vehicles/aircraft, internet (speed of light)). Firm Level Consequences of Globalization international value chain demanding buyers increased rivalry and competition increased opportunity for business Management must change focussing Must varyner and outsource better look for productivity and operational efficiency gains find and prize key global st markgic additions of org. International channel trade and investme nt activities of firms a span borders Globalization economic integration and growing interdependency worldwide Theories of Trade mer preservetilism national prosperity = positive repose of trade (trade surplus) absolute usefulness principle produce only products for which your country/region has an absolute advantage comparative advantage principle both countries produce even if one has absolute advantage in all products, relative efficiency matters, specialize in w lid you produce scoop out and trade for the rest you dejection use scarce resources more in force(p)lyNational Comparative Advantages China small(a) cost labour India IT workers in Bangalore Ireland dish economy Dubai companionship base economy Comparative Advantage = master features with unique benefits in global market either naturally endowed or put in place through with(predicate) national policy NATIONAL Competitive Advantage = distinctive competencies of a firm from cost, size, innovation that are problematical for competitors to replicate FIRM Factor Proportions/Endowments Theory = produce and export products that use abundant factors of production and minute goods that use scarce resourcesLimitations of Early Trade Theories they dont account for cost of international superman tariffs and import restrictions distort trade flows economies of scale bring more or less additional efficiencies low cost seat of government now available on global markets How do Nations Enhance Competitive Advantage governments can proactively action policies to subsidize and stimulate the economy foreign of natural endowments create national economic advantage through innovation stimulus, target industries for development, provide incentives and low cost outstandingNational Industrial Policy economic development contrive by public sector to nurture and support promising industries through tax incentives, pecuniary/ financial policy, rigorous educational systems, investment in national infrastructure, strong legal and regulatory systems Example Ireland pecuniary, monetary and tax consolidation, partnership of gov with unions, emphasis on high value add industry like pharma, biotech and IT, rank and file in EU, investment in education improved gross domestic product, Unemployment and National Debt 3x by 2003 from 1987 Porters rhombus Model Firm Strategy, Structure and Rivalry strong competitors in country serves as national private-enterprise(a) advantage clusters ? Factor Conditions labour, natural resources, capital, technology, knowledge and entrepreneurship ? Demand Conditions strengths and sophistication of consumer demand ? Related and Supporting Industries accessibility of clusters and complementary firms in the value chain Industrial Clusters concentration of suppliers and supporting firms in the same regional area ex. silicon valley, Switzerland pharma, fashion in italy/paris, IT in Bangalore export platform for the nationClassi cal Theories International Product calendar method of birth control Theory introduction, growth and maturity of each product and its associated manufacturing INTRO inventor country enjoys a monopoly in manufacturing and exports GROWTH archean(a) countries enter the global market place with more standard manufacturing MATURITY victor innovator becomes net importer of product Now hard for innovator to maintain a lead because on that point is a short product life cycle New Trade Theory economies of scale consequential for international performance in some industries.Ex. high fixed costs = high volume gross revenue to breakeven Reasons to Invest Abroad market seeking efficiency/cost seeking resource seeking knowledge seeking Why Internationalize? 1. opp for growth through diversification of market 2. higher(prenominal) profit margins 3. new P&S ideas and business methods 4. serve imposters who have re regain abroad (increase/maintain market) 5. closer to summate source s, use global sourcing advantages, flexibility in sourcing products 6. access to lower cost/better value factors of production 7. evelop economies of scale in sourcing, production, marketing, economies of scale 8. confront international competitors 9. invest in relationship with a inappropriate partner Nature of International transmission line value adding activities can be done internationally (source, manufacture, market) cross border trade not limited to raw materials, include capital, tech, knowledge, products, services etc. Internationalize through Export, FDI, Licence, Franchise and JV FDI longterm acquisition of productive assets like capital, tech, labour P&E etc gravid loyalty used to manufacture products in low labour cost countries MNE big company with lots of resources, subs and affiliates in many countries (US, Japan, Germany, France, Britain) SME small to medium size enterprise, 500 or fewer employees Born Global Firm young company that initiates business o n the global market Risks in International Business 1. technical foul Risk weak partnerships, bad timing of entry, high competition, poor exe landion of strategy, operational problems 2.Currency Risk tax, inflation, asset valuation, transfer pricing, currency exposure 3. sylvan Risk protectionism/gov intervention, bureaucracy, lack of legal safeguards/poor leagal system, social/ governmental unrest 4. Cross-Cultural Risk cultural differences, negotiation, different decision making styles, different ethical practices MNE Avenues for battle ? Import/Export ? Licencing/Franchising ? Joing Venture ? FDI get progressively more risky, higher investment, higher potential benefit, higher commitmentIntermediaries Include Distri furtheror extension of firm, takes goods under their name to sell Manufacturer Rep under select of exporter to rep and sell merch Retailer bypass wholesaler/distributer and sell to retailer to sell to customers IKEA, WALMART commerce family based in home country, high volume, low margin resellers. Export Management Company US, export agent who secures contracts to export goods usually specialize in industries and areas Agent works on delegation Licensor Focal firm grants the right to the foreign partner to use certain intellectual property in exchange for royalties Franchisor grant right to use a business system for fees and royalties ICV share cost and risk fo new venture with an some oppositewise company JV create a jointly owned new entitiy with foreign partners Project Based Venture collaboration with a timeline without creating a new entity, habitual with R&D intensive ventures Facilitator provide services for cross border transactions Bank, Lawyers, Freight, Consultants, ad agency, custom brokers, insurance companies, tax accountants,Turnkey Contractor Provide engineering, design, and architectural services in the construction of airports, hospitals, oil refineries, and another(prenominal) types of infrastructure. These projects are typically awarded on the basis of open bidding by the sponsor. Examples- European Channel Tunnel, the three Gorges Dam in China, Delhi Metro Rail Ltd. and the Hong Kong Airport. Build-own-transfer venture- an increasingly popular type of turnkey contract in the developing economies where contractors acquire an ownership in the facility for a period of time until it is turned over to the client.MODULE 3 pic Advanced economies are post-industrial countries characterized by high per capita income, highly competitive industries, and well-developed commercial infrastructure. Examples- worlds richest countries and include Australia, Canada, Japan, New Zealand, the United States, and Western European countries. Developing economies are low-income countries characterized by limited industrialization and stagnant economies. Examples- low-income countries, with limited industrialization and stagnant economies- e. g. Bangladesh, Nicaragua and Zaire.Emerging market economies are a subset of former developing economies that have achieved substantial industrialization, modernization, improved living standards and remarkable economic growth. Examples- some 27 countries in East and South Asia, Latin America, Middle East and Eastern Europe- including Brazil, Russia, India, China (so called BRIC countries). pic Advanced Economies 2 4% growth rates mature industrial development moved from manufacturing to service based economies typically democratic policy-making systems and capital economic systems host worlds biggest MNEs Emerging Economies 7 10% growth rates 40% of world GDP 30% of exports 20% of FDI low cost labour and capital, knowledgeable workers, gov support fastest growth rate attractive growing middle class, manufacturing bases, sourcing destinations market potential percapita income, size of middle class, GNI, use adjusted GDP for PPP middle class has some economic independence and discretionary income Hong Kong, Is real, Saudi Arabia The EMPI combines factors that provide firms with a realistic measure of export market potential Market Size the countrys population, peculiarly urban population Market Growth Rate the countrys real GDP growth rate Market Intensity private consumption and GNI represent discretionary expenditures of citizens Market Consumption subject The percentage share of income held by the countrys middle class Commercial Infrastructure characteristics ofttimes(prenominal) as number of mobile phone subscribers, density of telephone lines, number of PCs, density of paved roads, and population per retail outlet Economic Freedom the degree of government intervention Market Receptivity the event countrys inclination to trade with the exporters country as estimated by the volume of imports Country Risk the degree of political riskChallenges of doing business with Ems political stability hard to forecast in shot conditions beauraucracy/lack of transparency weak IP rights a vailability of good partners presence of family conglomerates Regional economic integration, refers to the growing economic interdependence that results when countries within a geographic region form an alliance aimed at decrease barriers to trade and investment. 40% of world trade today is under some bloc preferential trade agreement. Premise- mutual advantages for cooperating nations within a common geography, history, culture, language, economics, and/or politics Free trade that results from economic integration helps nations attain higher living standards by encouraging specialization, lower prices, greater choices, increased productivity, and more efficient use of resources. 1. Market access. Tariffs and most non-tariff barriers have been eliminated for trade in products and services, and rules of origin favor manufacturing that uses split and other inputs produced in the EU. . Common market. The EU removed barriers to the cross-national movement of production factorslabor, capital, and technology. 3. Trade rules. The member countries have more often than not eliminated impost procedures and regulations, which streamlines transportation and logistics within Europe. 4. Standards harmonization. The EU is harmonizing technical standards, regulations, and enforcement procedures that relate to products, services, and commercial activities. 5. Common fiscal, monetary, taxation, and social social welfare policies in the long run.The euro (common currency since 2002) Simplified the process of cross-border trade and enhanced Europes international competitiveness. Eliminated exchange rate risk in much of the bloc and forced member countries to improve their fiscal and monetary policies. Unified consumers and businesses to think of Europe as a single market Forced national governments to relinquish monetary power to the European Central Bank, in Luxembourg, which oversees EU monetary functions. NAFTA passage (1994) was facilitated by the maquiladora program U . S. firms locate manufacturing facilities just south of the U. S. order and access low-cost labor without having to pay solid tariffs. NAFTA has Eliminated tariffs and most nontariff barriers for products/services. Initiated bidding for government contracts by member country firms Established trade rules and uniform customs procedures. Prohibited standards/technical regulations to be used as trade barriers. Instituted rules for investment and intellectual property rights. Provided for altercate settlement for investment, unfair pricing, labor issues, and the environment. Trade among the members has more than tripled and now exceeds $1 trillion per year. In the early 1980s, Mexicos tariffs averaged 100% and gradually disappeared under NAFTA. Member countries now trade more with each other than with former trading partners outside the NAFTA zone. Both Canada and Mexico now have some 80% of their trade with, and 60% of their FDI stocks in the United States. Mexican exports to the U. S. grew from $50 billion to over $160 billion per year. Access to Canada and the U. S. helped soak up numerous Mexican firms in industries such as electronics, automobiles, textiles, medical products, and services. Annual U. S. nd Canadian investment in Mexico rose from $4 billion in 1993 to nearly $20 billion by 2006. Mexicos per capita income rose to about $11,000 in 2007, making Mexico the wealthiest country in Latin America. By increasing Mexicos attractiveness as a manufacturing location, firms like Gap Inc. and Liz Claiborne moved their factories from Asia to Mexico during the 1990s. IBM shifted much of its production of computer parts from Singapore to Mexico. ASEAN Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia APEC Asia Pacific Economic Coop Australia, Canada, Chile, US, China, Japan, Mexico CER Aussie and New Zealand removed 80% of tarriffsWhy Nations wave? 1. Expand market size Regional integration greatly increases the scale of the marketplace for firms indoors the economic bloc. Example- Belgium has a population of just 10 million the EU gives Belgian firms easier access to a quantity market of roughly 490 million. 2. Achieve scale economies and enhanced productivity Expansion of market size within an economic bloc gives member country firms the opportunity to gain economies of scale in production and marketing. Internationalization inside the bloc helps firms learn to compete more effectively outside the bloc as well. Labor and other inputs are allocated more efficiently among the member countries- leading to lower prices for consumers. 3. Attract direct investment from outside the bloc Compared to investing in stand-alone countries, foreign firms prefer to invest in countries that are part of an economic bloc as they receive preferential treatment for exports to other member countries. Examples- prevalent Mills, Samsung, and Tata- have invested heavily in the EU to take advantage of Europes economic integration. By establishing operation s in a single EU country, these firms gain free trade access to the inviolate EU market. 4.Acquire stronger defensive and political posture Provide member countries with a stronger defensive posture relative to other nations and world regions- this was one of the motives for the initial creation of the European Community (precursor to the EU). The value chain can be thought of as the complete business system of the focal firm. It comprises all of the activities that the focal firm performs. The focal firm may retain core activities such as production and marketing, and outsource distribution and customer service responsibilities to foreign-market based distributors, thus the global reconfiguration of the value chain. Dell rags a variety of products, each with its own value chain. The summarise supply chain for a notebook computer, including multiple tiers of suppliers, involves about 400 companies, primarily in Asia, but also in Europe and the Americas. On a typical day, Dell pr ocesses orders for 150,000 computers, which are distributed to customers around the world, with non-U. S. gross revenue accounting for 40 percent. Shipping is handled via air transport, e. g. from the Dell Malaysia factory to the U. S. Dell charters a China Airlines 747 hat flies to Nashville, Tennessee six days a week, with each jet carries 25,000 Dell notebooks that weigh a total of 110,000 kilograms, or 242,500 pounds. One of the hallmarks of Dells value chain is collaboration. CEO Michael Dell and his team perpetually work with their suppliers to make process improvements in Dells value chain. pic Automotive Industry Manufacturing of the Chevrolet Malibu illustrates national and geographic diversity of suppliers that provide content for an automobile, a truly global value chain. Suppliers are headquartered in Germany, Japan, France, Korea, and United Kingdom, and the U.S. , and the components they sell to General Motors are manufactured in typically low-cost countries and then shipped to the General Motors plant in Fairfax, Kansas. The German automaker BMW employs 70,000 factory personnel at 23 sites in 13 countries to manufacture its vehicles. Workers at the Munich plant build the BMW 3 Series and supply engines and key body components to other BMW factories abroad. In the U. S. , BMW has a plant in South Carolina, which makes over 500 vehicles daily for the world market. In Northeast China, BMW makes cars in a joint venture with Brilliance China Automotive Holdings Ltd. In India, BMW has a manufacturing presence to serve the needs of the rapidly growing South Asia market. BMW must configure sourcing at the best locations worldwide, in order to minimize costs (e. g. , by producing in China), access skilled personnel (by producing in Germany), remain close to key markets (by producing in China, India and the U. S. ). Global sourcing is the procurement of products or services from suppliers or company-owned subsidiaries located abroad for consumption in th e home country or a third country. Technological advances, including second Internet connectivity and broadband availability TECHNOLOGY Declining communication and transportation costs Widespread access to long information including growing connectivity between suppliers and the customers that they serve and SUPPLY CHAIN Entrepreneurship and rapid economic transformation in emerging markets. GLOBALIZATION Managers must decide between internalization and externalization whether each value-adding activity should be conducted in-house or by an independent supplier. This is known as the make or buy decision Should we make a product or conduct a particular value-chain activity ourselves, or should we source it from an outside contractor? Firms usually internalize those value-chain activities they consider a part of their core competence, or which involve the use of proprietary knowledge and trade secrets that they want to control. Configuration of value-adding activity The pattern or geographic arrangement of locations where the firm carries out value-chain activities. Instead of concentrating value-adding activities in the home country, many firms configure these activities across the world to moreover money, reduce delivery time, access factors of production, and extract maximal advantages relative to competitors. This helps explain the migration of traditional industries from Europe, Japan, and the U. S. to emerging markets in Asia, Latin America, and Eastern Europe. pic Outsourcing refers to the procurement of selected value-adding activities, including production of intermediate goods or finished products, from independent suppliers. This practice of externalizing a particular value-adding activity to outside contractors is known as outsourcing. Firms outsource because they generally are not superior at performing all primary and support activities. Most value-adding activities from manufacturing to marketing to after-sales service are candidates for o utsourcing. Business Process Outsourcing (BPO). The outsourcing of business functions to independent suppliers such as accounting, payroll, and human resource functions, IT services, customer service, and technical support. BPO includes Back-office activities, which includes internal, upstream business functions such as payroll and billing, and Front-office activities, which includes downstream, customer-related services such as marketing or technical support. Offshoring is a natural extension of global sourcing. It refers to the relocation of a business process or entire manufacturing facility to a foreign country. MNEs are particularly active in shifting production facilities or business processes to foreign countries to enhance their competitive advantages. Offshoring is especially common in the service sector, including banking, software enrol writing, legal services, and customer-service activities. E. g. , large legal hubs have emerged in India that provide services such as write contracts and patent applications, conducting research and negotiations, as well as performing paralegal work on behalf of Western clients. With lawyers in N. America and Europe costing $300 an hour or more, Indian firms can cut legal bills by 75 percent. Best Jobs for Offshoring Large-scale manufacturing industries whose primary competitive advantage is efficiency and low cost Industries such as automobiles that have uniform customer needs and highly standardized processes in production and other value-chain activities Service industries that are highly labor intensive, e. g. , call centers and legal transcription Information-based industries whose functions and activities can be easily transmitted via the Internet, e. g. , accounting, billing, and payroll and Industries such as software preparation whose outputs are roaring to codify and transmit over the Internet or by telephone, e. g. routine technical support and customer service activities. pic Cost efficiency is the tr aditional rationale for sourcing abroad. The firm takes advantage of labor arbitrage the large wage gap between advanced economies and emerging markets. One study found that firms expect to deliver an average of more than 40% off baseline costs as a result of offshoring. These nest egg tend to occur particularly in R&D, product design activities, and back-office operations such as accounting and data processing. Benefits of Outsourcing Faster corporate growth. Access to qualified personnel abroad. Improved productivity and service. Business process redesign. Increased speed to market. Access to new markets. Technological flexibility. Improved agility by shed unnecessary overhead. Disadvantages to Outsourcing Vulnerability to exchange rate fluctuations Partner selection, qualification, and monitoring costs Increased complexity of managing a worldwide network of production locations and partners Complexity of managing global supply chain Limited influence over the manufacturing pr ocesses of the supplier Potential vulnerability to opportunistic behavior or actions in bad faith by suppliers Constrained ability to safeguard intellectual assetsRisks in Global Sourcing 1. Less-than-expected cost savings. Conflicts and misunderstandings arise because of differences in the national and organizational cultures between the focal firm and foreign supplier. Such factors give rise to cost-savings that are less than originally anticipated. 2. Environmental factors. Numerous environmental challenges confront focal firms including exchange rate fluctuations, labor strikes, contrary macro-economic events, high tariffs and other trade barriers, and high energy and transportation costs. 3. Weak legal environment.Many popular locations for global outsourcing have weak laws and enforcement regarding intellectual property, which can lead to erosion of key strategic assets. 4. Risk of creating competitors. As the focal firm shares its intellectual property and business-process k nowledge with foreign suppliers, it also runs the risk of creating future rivals (e. g. , Schwinn). 5. shortsighted or low-skilled workers. Some foreign suppliers may be staffed by employees who lack appropriate knowledge about the tasks with which they are charged. Other suppliers suffer rapid turnover of skilled employees. 6. Over-reliance on suppliers.Unreliable suppliers may put front work aside when they gain a more important client. Suppliers occasionally encounter financial difficulties or are acquired by other firms with different priorities and procedures. Over-reliance can shift control of key activities too much in favor of the supplier. 7. Erosion of morale and commitment among home-country employees. Global sourcing can create a spotlight in which employees are caught in the middle between their employer and their employers clients. At the extreme, workers find themselves in a psychological limbo, unclear about who their employer really is.